Colonialism, Palistine , British Empire Collapse

1. History 12 Ms Leslie Colonialism, Palistine, British Empire Collapse

2. Colonialism • the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. • Settler Colonialism • Exploitation Colonialism

3. WWI left Britain in possession of 1/5 of the World’s surface. • But Britain was no longer the imposing force it had been in the past in the 1920’s and 30’s. • Britain was no longer the financial center of the world. • Britain owed a lot of money to America, Russia refused to pay back their loans and France could not pay back as a result.

4. ‘white dominions’ • Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada)ere included in future defense plans. • But South Africa and Canada had suffered massive casualties in major battles, which bought them independence in the eyes of the Paris Peace Conference. • Canada was becoming more isolationist, Australia and New Zealand were also reluctant to put themselves in imperial conflict and risk being dragged into a European conflict.

5. In 1921 a large navel base was built in Singapore to secure trade routes in the Pacific. • This move increased the Alienation of Japan. • Singapore of strategic importance because of the production of Rubber and tin. • The inhabitants of Singapore welcomed the British as they kept the threat of China and India invasion at bay.

6. African and Asian colonies • soldiers marched alongside White British subjects. • were frustrated by incompetent commanders. • They too heard Wilson and his 14 points and of the British’s commitment to national self-determination. • They became frustrated when that self-determination did not apply to British colonies.

7. Sub-Saharan colonies • saw the birth of nationalist movements after the war. • In tribal societies, nationalism did not catch on. • Nationalism was limited to the small educated black middle class. • as African colonies became more integrated into the world economy, Western political ideas followed as more and more Africans were exposed to them.

8. Middle East – Treaty of Sevres • Aug. 10, 1920 • abolished the Ottoman Empire and made Turkey renounce all rights over Arab Asia and North Africa. • independent Armenia, for an autonomous Kurdistan, and for a Greek presence in eastern Thrace and on the Anatolian west coast, as well as Greek control over the Aegean islands commanding the Dardanelles

9. Treaty of Sevres

10. Treaty of Lausanne

11. Rejected by the new Turkish nationalist regime, the Treaty of Sèvres was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. • Mustafa Kemal was able to prevent Italians and the French from establishing their influence and drove the Greeks out entirely while tearing up the Treaty of Sevres

12. Chanak crisis, Sept-Oct 1922. • Turkish nationalists under Mustapha Kemal were unhappy about the loss of territory to Greece under the Sèvres treaty of 1920. • They expelled the Greeks from Smyrna by force in August 1922 and threatened to cross the Dardanelles. • Lloyd George reinforced British positions in Chanak, thus blocking the Turks. • Conflict was averted by an agreement settled on 11 October. Eastern Thrace and Adrianople were returned to Turkey in return for recognition of the neutral zones of the Dardanelles.

13. Treaty of Lausanne of 1923 • set up after the Chanak Crisis. • The Treaty was the final treaty concluding World War I. • It was signed by representatives of Turkey • on one side and by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) on the other.

14. recognized the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey. • Turkey dropped claim to its former Arab provinces and recognized British possession of Cyprus and Italian possession of the Dodecanese. • The Allies dropped their demands of autonomy for Turkish Kurdistan and Armenia, • imposed no controls over Turkey’s finances or armed forces. • The Turkish straits between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea were declared open to all shipping.

15. Egypt • In Egypt, SaadZahlul’sWafd party led an uprising in 1922. • It was put down, but the British saw the importance of giving Egypt greater autonomy. • Home to the Suez Canal, Egypt was of critical importance.

16. Sykes-Picot Agreement. • Arab nationalism was frustrated by the British and French • The area was divided into French and British spheres of influence with only the seemingly worthless Arab Peninsula left to the Arabs. • This move was ratified by the mandate system, giving Britain Iraq, Trans-Jordan and Palestine; the French had control in Syria and Lebanon.

17. Sykes-Picot Agreement

18. secret agreement between the governments of the UK and France. • depended on the fall of the Ottoman Empire after WWI and defined their respective spheres of influence and control in the Middle East. • It was largely a trade agreement • The agreement was concluded on 16 May 1916.

19. Obviously, Arab nationalists were not happy with how they were treated. • The French directly put down uprisings in Syria while the British tried to avoid conflict by granting Iraq semi-independence. • In Palestine, Anti-colonial troubles would not be so easy to deal with.

20. Palestine • British policy of assisting Jewish Settlement in Palestine naturally met with Arab resistance. • This movement is referred to as Zionism. Zionism is the international political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish People in Palestine.

21. Jewish immigration in the region picked up enormously after the war. • In 1918 the Jewish population was 60,000 and it rose to 430,000 in 1939 (an increase of 7% to 28% of the population). • Attempts to appease Arabs by restricting Jewish immigration merely upset the Jewish opinion.

22. Religion was also an aspect that contributed to anti-British sentiment. • Jerusalem is a City sacred to Islam, Judaism and Christianity. • This fact meant Palestinian problems influence developments outside of Palestine.

23. India • India’s contribution to the British war effort was recognized in 1917, when the British Government accepted the idea of Indian independence at a future date. • Troops came back with ideas contrary to the propaganda they’ve been fed their whole lives. • By 1923, the disloyalty in the Indian Army almost surmounted to mutiny.

24. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms • self-government to the eleven Indian Provinces. • In a system known as ‘dyarchy’, two levels of government were introduced with health, education and agriculture becoming the responsibilities of Indian Ministers, and Finance and security remained a British responsibility.

25. This was not enough change for Indian Nationalists. • Protests followed this reform and the incident in Amritsar further damaged the mood. • British troops opened fire on protesters, killing 379 and wounding over a thousand others. • This massacre became a symbol of British oppression. It fueled Indian passion to gain independence as soon as possible.

26. Mohandas Gandhi • Leader of the Congress Party. • Gandhi preached ‘ satyagrha’ a cheerful non-violent resistance to a specific evil • Through civil disobedience and correct daily living, along with constructing alternative political and economic institutions, followers of this philosophy sought conversion rather than coercion. • This highly moral position won the support of anti-imperialists and American public opinion.

27. Divisions appeared within the Congress Party as the Muslim League went it’s own way, fearful of Hindu domination of an independent India. • Mohammed Ali Junnah sought a separate Moslem state of Pakistan.

28. 1935 Government of India Act. • Provincial governments were given over fully to Indian control and central government powers were now shared. • Both the Congress and the Muslim League continued to push for self-government, backed by international support. • But for imperialists like Churchill, Indian Independence would not be easily accepted as India was seen as the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire.

29. By the 1930’s India had ceased to be a Military asset. • Permanent garrisons were needed to patrol the North-West Borders and more were needed to deter uprisings. • India and the Singaporean Naval Base proved to be a formidable distraction while British interests were being threatened in Europe itself. • It was not until 1939 that Britain that the events in Europe were more of a threat then the activities in Asia.

30. Assignment • 20th century history • pages 64 – 67, 71-72, 78-80, 106 (New problems for Colonial Empires) • Define: • Treaty of Sevres • Mustafa Kemel and his accomplishments • Hindu and Muslim Nationalism • Britain’s interference with Palestine. • Gandhi’s civil disobedience (examples please) – 1 page