The Role of Green IT in Achieving Climate-Neutrality

1. The Role of Green IT in Achieving Climate-Neutrality

2. The “Big Picture” Current campus fixed-source CO2 emissions (plus) Buildout of campus (growth) (less) New construction energy-efficiencies (less) Energy retrofit and infrastructure projects (less) On-site renewable power (less) Procured green power (less) Behavioral changes that reduce CO2 (equals) Emissions credit procurements (or) off-campus renewable project(s)

3. Most Important Actions To Becoming Carbon-Neutral • Reduce energy consumption: • Through conservation actions, curtailments, and retrofits • Focus on labs, IT, and 24x7 loads • Raise the bar (again) for energy-efficient design • Expand on-campus housing and sustainable transportation • Invest in renewable energy and efficient energy production • Large-scale solutions for large-scale problem Offsets and emissions credits should be a last resort!

4. “Deep Energy-Efficiency” • Not the ~15% typical savings of past retrofit projects • Illumination consumption cut 50 percent • “Smart labs” • No 24x7 waste • Demand-controlled ventilation • Greening up IT

5. Integrated Office Lighting System Pre-retrofit Post-retrofit Source: CLTC.

6. Bi-level Smart Parking Garage Fixture Pre-retrofit Post-retrofit Source: CLTC.

7. “Deep Energy-Efficiency” • Not the ~15% typical savings of past retrofit projects • Illumination consumption cut 50 percent • “Smart labs” • No 24x7 waste • Demand-controlled ventilation • Greening up IT

8. Why Do Research Universities Have Such Large Carbon Footprints? Laboratory buildings consume 2/3 of total energy

9. Laboratory Energy • Air-changes • Fume hoods • Freezers • Auto sash closures • Illumination interrelated measures all interrelated • “Smart” controls • Night setbacks • Exhaust stack airspeeds interrelated controls

10. Aircuity

11. Exhaust Discharge Airspeed Pilot Prevailing winds Exhaust Fan Supply fan duct Bypass air damper Balcony Re-entrainment of contaminated air

12. “Smart Lab” Parameters

13. “Deep Energy-Efficiency” • Not the ~15% typical savings of past retrofit projects • Illumination consumption cut 50 percent • “Smart labs” • No 24x7 waste • Demand-controlled ventilation • Greening up IT

14. CO2 Sensors Room Sensor Duct Sensor

15. “Deep Energy-Efficiency” • Not the ~15% typical savings of past retrofit projects • Illumination consumption cut 50 percent • “Smart labs” • No 24x7 waste • Demand-controlled ventilation • Greening up IT

16. Key Metric Needed Useful work Energy input Efficiency =

17. Factors that Affect IT Energy Efficiency

18. The Facilities Interface Problem, from 30,000 ft. • Silos • Metrics • Inertia • And a few unchallenged oversimplifications …

19. Unchallenged Premises & Oversimplifications • Data centers need to be cool in order to prevent equipment malfunctions • Outside air needs HEPA-filtration before it can ventilate a data center • Centralized data centers are more energy-efficient than distributed clusters of equipment • CRAC airspeeds cannot be slowed down

20. Typical Rack Sun N1400 Secure App SW - 104º F Sun T200 - 95º F Sun SunFire v240 - 104º F Sun C4 Tape Library - 95º F Sun StorEdge 6130 - 104º F

21. Data Center Temperature Yesterday Today

22. Cold Aisle Containment Diagram Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

23. Air-Side Economizers Temperature and humidity sensor Hot air Cold air

24. Factors that Affect IT Energy Efficiency

25. Greener Computing • Virtualization • Load Management • Displays • Reuse and Recycling • Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

26. Server Virtualization • Implemented 111 virtual systems, resulting in direct savings of 310,000 kWh and 124 metric tons of CO2 annually • Improved server utilization rates from ~5% to 75-85% • Reduced number of server racks by a ratio of 7:1, eliminating server sprawl and cutting maintenance expense Without With

27. Greener Computing • Virtualization • Load Management • Displays • Recycling • Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

28. Load Management • Energy Star policy • Enabling/re-enabling power management features • Computer power management • Better metering and energy management systems • Energy storage

29. Computer Power Management Standard PC Standard PC with Power Management Virtual Desktop 100W running 8760 hrs = 876 kWh/yr 100W running 2,000 hrs + 5W sleeping 6,760 hrs = 234 kWh/yr 15W running 2,000 hrs + 5W sleeping 6,760 hrs = 64 kWh/yr .35 metric tons of CO2e/yr. .09 metric tons of CO2e/yr. .03 metric tons of CO2e/yr.

30. Greener Computing • Virtualization • Load Management • Displays • Recycling • Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

31. CRT Replacement Program

32. Greener Computing • Virtualization • Load Management • Displays • Recycling • Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

33. E-Waste Recycling

34. Greener Computing • Virtualization • Load Management • Displays • Recycling • Telecommuting/Teleconferencing

35. Teleconferencing

36. Immediate Actions • Decommission or consolidate unneeded or underutilized hardware • Procurement policy that requires EPEAT or ENERGY STAR rated equipment wherever possible • Enable desktop and printer power management settings • Enable server power management features • Raise the temperature in campus data centers • Create a cooler/warmer aisle configuration for equipment racks

37. Three to Six-Month Actions • Complete an energy audit • Implement server virtualization to eliminate, physical servers and to better utilize fewer machines • Replace CRT monitors with more efficient LCD monitors • Replace fixed flow perforated floor tiles with higher flow adjustable tiles to improve air flow • Contain hot aisles or air-supply aisles

38. One Year Actions • Implement desktop virtualization, where possible • Replace data center equipment with more efficient units • Create centralized control and monitoring of chilled water units • Launch a project to install air-side economized cooling

39. Energy Infrastructure • Combined heat and power • Energy storage • Renewable power

40. Combined Heat and Power Southern California Edison High Pressure Gas 66 kV 0-1 MW solar Heat Recovery 13.5 MW Gas Turbine 12 kV Generator 5.6 MW Steam(recovered waste heat) University 52,000 lbs/hr (without duct fire) 120,000 lbs/hr (with duct fire) Substation 12 kV (Standby) Steam Turbine Generator Existing Boilers 90,000 lbs/hr Steam Turbine Chiller Campus Electric Load Electric Chillers 2000 tons/hr. 14,000 tons/hr. 22 MW Peak 14 MW Avg. Campus Cooling Load Heat Recovery Alternative Uses Campus Heat Load > 80,000 ton hours/day (average) 1. Campus heating load 60 MMBTU/hr .(average) 2. Steam turbine chiller to campus cooling load Thermal Storage Tank 3. Steam turbine chiller to thermal storage tank 4.5 million gallons of water 4. Steam turbine generator for campus electric load (53,000 ton hours) 5. Steam generator powers electric chillers (in addition to steam chiller) for (A) real-time cooling or (B) future cooling (via thermal storage) 6. Any combination of the above

41. Energy Infrastructure • Combined heat and power • Energy storage • Renewable power

42. Energy Storage

43. Energy Infrastructure • Combined heat and power • Energy storage • Renewable power

44. Photovoltaic Installation

45. How to Shift the Feasibility Threshold • Use Net Present Value (NPV) analysis • Develop consensus that using aggressive, pro-renewable assumptions entails some risk – an intentional value-judgment • This consensus needs to extend all the way to the governing board

46. Key NPV Assumptions • Escalation of avoided costs (notably, BAU procured energy cost) • Escalation of renewable energy costs • Avoided costs time-weighted at the margin • Appropriate discount rate

47. How to Shift the Feasibility Threshold Possible NPV modifiers: • Sell carbon attributes for N years to help “jump-start” project • Assume cost-avoidance beyond year N of not procuring carbon offsets • Apply whichever cost above is greater • Assume tax-exempt revenue bond prepays 70% of procured energy

48. What Can You Do? Think big! Support ambitious goals and plans for energy retrofit and sustainable energy projects Be proactive, not reactive Break down silos, form cross-functional teams, challenge status quo practices