NEON: Where We Are Today (And How We Got There) Jeffrey Goldman Science Office Director,

1. NEON: Where We Are Today (And How We Got There) Jeffrey Goldman Science Office Director, American Institute of Biological Sciences

2. Interacting Drivers of Biological Change Evolution of infectious disease Land use & habitat alteration Biodiversity Species composition Ecosystem functioning Climate change Biogeochemical cycles Invasive species

3. Common Features • Regional, continental, or global in extent • Multicausal & complex • Require information about interdependence of species • Require comparative analysis of ecosystems over large areas and long periods All profoundly impact our society

4. Current Infrastructure • Research centers, sites, stations • Distributed across U.S., haphazard assemblage of equipment, often without basic connectivity • Informatics • Ecological data highly heterogeneous, data sets largely undocumented, difficult to find • Networks • Many US-based and international networks, few enforce standardized protocols and documentation or collection at multiple spatial scales

5. The National Ecological Observatory Network A continent-wide research platform to study phenomena at regional to continental scales • NEON will: • Consist of distributed field- and laboratory-based observatories (facilities, sites, etc.) • Engage large multidisciplinary teams • Employ high technology to link facilities, sense the environment, forecast changes • Promote data sharing and open data policies • Create an ability to predict biological changes and consequences

6. NEON Milestones • NEON planning workshops (2000 & 2002) • Regional planning meetings (2000-present) • Federal funding requests (FY’01, FY’03, FY’04, FY’05) • NRC study (Summer 2003) • The IBRCS project (2002-2005)

7. Federal Funding Requests • Special NSF budget account: Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction Account (MREFC) • Reserved for facilities and equipment that cannot be supported at the NSF directorate level • Generally, of use to a large segment of a research community • Examples: • Gravitational wave observatories • Radio telescope arrays • Distributed networks of equipment (lately)

8. Colors of Money • Planning (workshops, NRC, AIBS) • Implementation (MREFC) • Maintenance and Operation • Research (independent investigators)

9. AIBS Infrastructure Project Initiated IBRCS project, a catalyst for community activity surrounding biological research infrastructure, especially NEON. • Attempt to represent community vision • Attempt to unify voice of community • Inform and build constituency • Provide venues for discussion • Develop knowledge of existing biological research infrastructure

10. AIBS Infrastructure Project • Infrastructure Working Group • White paper, town meetings, and roundtable • Outreach (annual meetings, reports, BioScience, briefings) • NEON Coordination & Implementation Conference • Current Workshop Series: NEON Science Drivers

11. NRC study Framing questions What are the regional/continental scale issues of national concern? Is a network of infrastructure needed to address them? Will NEON, as conceived, do the job? What impact will NEON have on the community and the next generation? Six themes emerged

12. NRC study • Recommended Organizing Themes • biodiversity, species composition, and ecosystem functioning • ecological aspects of biogeochemical cycles • ecological implications of climate change • ecology and evolution of infectious disease • invasive species • land use and habitat alteration

13. NRC study Framing questions What are the regional/continental scale issues of national concern? Is a network of infrastructure needed to address them? Will NEON, as conceived, do the job? What impact will NEON have on the community and the next generation? Six themes emerged Yes Yes and no A profoundly positive impact

14. Coordination & Implementation Conference • Recommendations • NEON should exist as a national network of regional observatories • Observatories should be established simultaneously but should mature incrementally according to specific organizing questions, including those identified by the NRC • A new organization with broad representation should be established to manage NEON • establish before observatories • receive all funding for infrastructure/M&O and distribute it to observatories • Specification of the NEON design should begin immediately

15. Detail Remains Elusive • What science will NEON enable? • What solutions will be sought? • Who will benefit? • Where will infrastructure reside? • Who will administer and in what context?

16. Challenges • Steep learning curve • National spotlight premature • “Big Science” model unfamiliar • Requires design blueprint earlier than initially realized • Garners political scrutiny that is unfamiliar to initial champions • Requires a framework for concept development initially absent

17. What is “Big Science”? • Expensive large-scale facilities (such as accelerators and reactors) and programs involving large teams of investigators • Hierarchical organization of scientific labor, multidisciplinary teams, coalition building needed to generate support of funding agency

18. Elusive History of Big Biology Prior attempts-mixed success • Biotrons, phytotrons • National biological facility • Oceanographic research vessels • Tropical biology • Human Genome Project Biologists’ ambivalence to Big Science • Heterogeneity and fragmentation • Couldn’t get line item funding • Don’t need or want it • Rival interests From: Appel, Toby. 2000. Shaping Biology: The National Science Foundation and American Biological Research, 1945-1975.

19. DistinguishingSmall and Big Science Adapted from talk by Gary Sanders, CalTech

20. Is NEON Big Science? • NEON has been a “big science” project developing in a “small science” culture • NEON is compared to: • Other big science projects by people familiar with big science • Small science projects by people familiar with small science

21. EarthScope NEON LIGO LHC NIF Not All Big Science Projects are the Same # of locations # of different detectors

22. Stages in Big Science Project

23. NEON Solicitation from NSF • Develop a NEON Consortium and establish a project office to: • Lead, coordinate, and organize • Serve as NEON focal point for NEON community • Implementation plan • Science and education plan • Network design • Schedule • Cost estimates • National NEON organization • Member-governed • Independent, non-profit

24. NEON Science Drivers Workshops • Six Workshops Organized Around Science Themes • Identify organizing questions • Identify required research infrastructure • Issues • Driven by science • Integrative across grand challenges • Selective, not comprehensive • Find right point along the spectrum

25. An Example • EarthScope • How does strain accumulate and release at plate boundaries? • How do earthquakes start, rupture, and stop? • How can we predict earthquake ground motions over a wide frequency range?

26. Timeline NEON conceived, 1998 Planning workshops, 2000 & 2002 Regional Meetings, 2000 - present IBRCS Project, 2002 - 2005 NRC Study, 2003 NOEN Science Drivers Workshops, 2004 Final NEON Planning Phase, 2004 - 2006

29. Summer Workshops • Make productive use of the time during which proposals were being written and reviewed • Initiate the discussion of science drivers and required infrastructure • Contribute recommendations to eventual NCC • Minimize overlap with NCC

30. Objectives • Provide: • state-of-the-art national facility • all levels of biological organization • across temporal and spatial scales • Connect: • geographically distributed infrastructure • one virtual installation via communication networks • Remote users to the facility • Facilitate: • predictive modeling of biological systems • data sharing and synthesis

31. Path of ideal Big Science project • Community develops decadal plan, incl. prioritized list facilities/ instruments required to make a quantum leap in discipline • Team, sometimes a consortium, forms to lead development of facility/instrument (Team owns plan) • Team receives “small science” funding from sponsoring agency to develop concept into “Big Science” project (Program level buy-in) • Program staff shepherds plan through multi-year institutional process (Agency buy-in) • Agency proposes Big Science project to Congress • Congress approves/appropriates • Agency makes award to original team, often as coop. agreement • Team implements project to build facility/instrument with oversight of sponsoring agency • Team operates facility/instrument for community-wide use • Discipline makes quantum leap • Repeat

32. Stages in Big Science Project • Concept • Development • Implementation • Operation • Renewal

33. Emerging Technologies