Specialized instruction in Written Expression: The challenges of Learning to Write

1. Specialized instruction in Written Expression: The challenges of Learning to Write Robert W. Frantum-AllenPDU Dec 18, 2012 Session Three

2. Schedule • Feb 23- Spelling – 900 Grant • March 1- Spelling • March 22- Spelling • April 12- Grammar • April 19- Grammar • May 3- Composition • May 10- Composition • May 17- Composition • May 24- Final PDU review- Maybe Laura’s community rooms

3. Objectives • 5 Principles for understanding English Spelling • We spell by language of origin • We spell by phoneme-grapheme correspondences

4. Spelling

5. George Bernard Shaw ghoti cough women nation

6. Continuum of Predictability Regular Little Odd Very Odd Bug Ghost Segue

7. 5 principles for understanding English orthography We spell by language of origin. We spell by phoneme-grapheme correspondence. Orthography We spell position of phoneme or grapheme in a word. We spell by letter order and sequence patterns, or orthographic conventions. We spell by meaning (morphology) and part of speech.

8. We spell by language of origin.

9. Layers of English

10. Eastern Europe

11. Angelo Saxon influence in English • Dates back 20,000 years • Starts with words from tribes in Eastern Europe • Found in Germanic languages of German, Swedish, Dutch and English • One syllable and everyday objects, activities and events • Must have a vowel in each syllable • New words created using compound words

12. Angelo Saxon influence in English • Uses vowel teams; digraphs; silent letters • irregular spellings mom, football, at, see, sky, moon, horse, finer, shoe, shirt, pants, sister, hate, touch, think, head, would, do

13. Norman French 1066 1300

14. Norman (French) influence in English • Words related to culture, fashion and food • Abstract social ideas and relationships • Ou for /ū/ as in soup; soft c and g when followed by e, i or y; special endings –ine, -ette, -elle, -ique beef, couture, rendezvous, amuse, rouge, coupon, novice, croquet, debut, mirage, justice

15. Latin influence around the world

16. Latin based languages Spanish French Italian Romanian

17. Latin influence in English • Multi-syllable words organized around a root • Often found in literature, social studies and science • Typically found in upper elementary grades • Most roots contain short vowels • The schwa if most found in Latin words • Affixes

18. Latin influence in English • Latin roots can form hundreds of thousands of words • Represent more abstract concepts excellent, direction, interrupt, firmament, terrestrial, solar, stellar, aquarium, locomotion, hostility, reject, deception

19. History of the Alphabet

20. History of the Alphabet

21. Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t work for English English has 44 sounds but there are only 26 letters!

22. "...as every Letter ought to be, confin'd to one; the same is to be observ'd in all the Letters, Vowels and Consonants, that wherever they are met with, or in whatever Company, their Sound is always the same. It is also intended that there be no superfluous Letters used in Spelling, i.e. no Letter that is not sounded, and this Alphabet by Six new Letters provides that there be no distinct Sounds in the Language without Letters to express them". - Benjamin Franklin

23. Franklin’s Alphabet

24. Franklin’s Alphabet

25. Why the Latin alphabet doesn’t’ work for English

26. Greece 10th Century St. Augustine 16th Century Tudors

27. Greek influence in English • Mostly found in science vocabulary • Some of the less common letter-sound graphemes such as rh (rhododendron), pt (pterodactyl), pn (pneumonia), ps (psychology) • constructed from combining forms (similar to compound words

28. Greek influence in English • Learning a relatively few Greek roots allow you access to thousands of words (i.e. micro, scope, bio, graph) hypnosis, agnostic, neuropsychology, decathlon, catatonic, agoraphobia, chlorophyll, psysiognomy

29. Identify the language of origin _____ hemisphere _____ inducement _____ groundhog _____ gnocchi L- Latin/French; G- Greek; AS- Anglo Saxon; O-other G _____ arms _____ kaput _____ dealt _____ stadium AS _____ etymology _____ suffix _____ knight _____ wanted G L O L AS AS AS O L AS Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats

30. CH- sort these ch spellings; what is their language or origin chauffer chalk character machine chair chalet cheek chestnut chagrin cholesterol chateau chlorophyll lunch chaos chuck chase school chapstick chuck cache chemical chlorine Speech to Print Workbook, L Moats

31. Evolution of Spelling Old English->Middle English – adopted spelling habits -started letter combinations au/aw, ai/ay Silent e – Old English was pronounced; dropped pronunciation in Middle English; add e for appearance or spelling consistency; 1600’ s Became the guide for pronunciation for long vowel sounds and to make c or g say the soft sound 1350 to 1500Century – Great Vowel Shift – middle to modern English Previously the vowels sounds similar to Latin vowel production; The long vowel sounds were raised in the mouth; some turned into diphthongs Modern English has been fixed since the 17th Century

32. Great Vowel Shift (WHY?) The pronunciation of vowels changed but the spellings did not; this account for some of the most peculiar spellings in English

33. English is heavily influenced… “English is a system heavily influenced by its word origins in spite of many historical efforts to simplify and standardize. English continues to adult words from other languages, assimilation their spelling as well as their meanings.” • -Moats

34. Where do these words come from? bungalow, dinghy pistol, polka, robot ammonia, ebony, ivory bard, golf, slogan, whisky amen, gauze, kosher husky, kayak, igloo judo, soy, tycoon cocoa, llama Bengali Czech Egyptian Scottish Hebrew Inuit Japanese Quechua

35. Instruction… • Storytelling Lesson – tell the story of the history of English • World map- find the locations on a map • Use the online etymology dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php

36. We spell by phoneme/graphemecorrespondence

37. Phoneme/Grapheme Grapheme Graph= write; -eme = unit of structure Written form of a sound Phoneme Phono= sound; -eme = unit of structure distinctive sounds

38. Phoneme/Grapheme Mapping

39. Phoneme/Grapheme Cards a /ă/ at /ā/ ate /aw/ want

40. to be continued ….