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Biology 12

Biology 12. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic acids are acidic molecules that are found in the nucleus of cells There are two types, both of which are vey large DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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Biology 12

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  1. Biology 12 Nucleic Acids

  2. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are acidic molecules that are found in the nucleus of cells • There are two types, both of which are vey large • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

  3. Nucleic Acids • All nucleic acids are composed of units called nucleotides, which are composed of three sub-molecules: • Pentose Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) • Phosphate • Nitrogen Base (purine or pyrimidine)

  4. Nucleic Acids • They are formed by joining their subunits together via dehydration synthesis • Nucleotide + nucleotide + ... = nucleic acid • This is quite a complex process to which we will devote an entire unit to

  5. Nucleic Acids • Nitrogen base: purines • Adenine and Guanine • Have two rings • Found in both DNA and RNA Memory Trick: It’s Got 2 Be GAP

  6. Uracil Nucleic Acids • Nitrogen base: pyramidines • Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil • Have only one ring • Cytosine is in both DNA and RNA • Thymine is in DNA only • Uracil is in RNA only Memory Trick: CUT the Pyramid

  7. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Structure of DNA: • DNA is composed of two complimentary strands of nucleotides • The two strands are joined by hydrogen bonds which form between complimentary nitrogen bases • Adenine with Thymine (A-T or T-A) • They join with 2 hydrogen bonds • Cytosine with Guanine (C-G or G-C) • They join with 3 hydrogen bonds

  8. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • When DNA is first made, it is just two linear strands of nucleotides joined together • Due to internal bonding the DNA molecule then forms into a double helix (twisted ladder)

  9. Functions of DNA • Directs and controls all cell activities by making all of the proteins and enzymes • Contains all the genetic information necessary to make one complete organism of very exact specifications

  10. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid • RNA is made by DNA • It is not confined to the nucleus, it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell • It has ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose • It has no thymines, and uses uracil’s instead • It is single stranded and therefore, no helix is formed • There are 3 types of RNA The function of RNA is to assist DNA in making proteins.

  11. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • ATP is also thought of as a nucleic acid as it has the same structure as a nucleotide • The only difference is that it has three phosphate groups instead of one • This is the energy source for the body

  12. ATP Cellular Respiration • Our mitochondria turn the energy of glucose into ATP • ATP is a great molecule to store energy because it takes a lot of energy to put two phosphate molecules together (both –ve) so when you break that bond a lot of energy is released C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2+ 6H20+ energy (heat and ATP)

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