Chapter 2 Fresh Water

1. Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 1: Streams and Rivers

2. 1. Runoff Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground.

3. 2. Tributary A smaller stream or river that feeds into a main river.

4. 3. Watershed The land area that supplies water to a river system.

5. 4. DivideA ridge of land that separates one watershed from another.

6. 5. ErosionThe process by which fragments of soil and rock are broken off from the ground surface and carried away.

7. 6. DepositionThe process by which soil and fragments of rock are deposited in a new location

8. 7. SedimentThe particles of rock and soil that are moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition.

9. 8. HeadwatersThe many small streams that come together at the source of the river.

10. 9. Flood plainA broad, flat valley through which a river flows.

11. 10. MeanderA looping curve formed in a river as it winds through its flood plain.

12. 11. Oxbow lakeThe crescent-shaped, cutoff body of water that remains after a river carves a new channel.

13. 12. MouthThe point where a river flows into another body of water.

14. 13. DeltaThe area of sediment deposits that build up near a river’s mouth.

15. 14. LeveeA long ridge formed by deposits of sediments alongside a river channel.

16. Section 1 Notes • 1. When rain falls, water either ____________ immediately, ___________into the soil, or forms ______________. evaporates soaks runoff

17. 2. Three factors that affect the amount of runoff: * Nature of the ground surface * Rate of rainfall * Whether the land is flat or hilly

18. tributaries • 3. A river and all its ___________ together make up a _____________. river system

19. Formation of River • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKTpEMXLO8w&feature=related

20. 4. Watersheds are also called ______________ Watershed Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f63pwrMXkV4 Drainage basins.

21. The 6 Pennsylvania Watersheds

22. Quick Watershed Demo • Materials • Plastic sheet • Newspaper • Spray bottles with colored water • Food coloring

23. PSSA Words • Non point source pollution- pollution, which is spread across the landscape and can not be identified as coming from any one particular person or company, is called non-point source pollution. • Point Source Pollution • Because non-point source pollution comes from across the watershed it is more difficult to regulate than point source pollution. Reducing non-point source pollution will take the commitment of everyone in the watershed to change their behaviors.

24. Reflection • Write and draw your definition of a watershed, including all the ways water reaches • a river (water flowing over the land, water flowing through the land, rain falling directly on the river) and all the ways water is lost from a river (evaporation, flowing downstream, seeping into the ground. • Reflect on what it means to be part of the Pennsylvania watershed. Is it different from what it means to be part of a different water shed?

25. Continental Divide • 5. The __________________, the longest divide in North America, follows the line of the ______________. • Continental Divide is the name given to the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas that separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from (1) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean. Rocky Mountains

26. Continental Divides of the United States-

27. 6. Rivers wear away landforms through _________ and build new landforms through __________. erosion deposition

28. 7. Three factors that affect river speed: • * • (Water flows faster down a mountainside than over a flat plain. ) • * • (An increase in the amount of water in a river causes the river to flow faster. ) Steepness of its slope Volume of water in the river

29. Shape of the channel • ____________________through which the river flows. • (As the water in the river rubs against the sides and bottom of its channel, it creates friction. This friction slows the water’s movement. In a shallow, narrow channel, almost all the water is in contact with the sides or bottom, and it moves slowly. In a broad, deep channel, however, most of the water can flow without any friction, so the river flows faster.)

30. 8. The soil in delta areas is very _______________for farming. fertile

31. 9. A flood occurs when * the volume of water in a river increases so much that the river overflows its channel.

32. Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 2: Ponds and Lakes

33. Vocab • 15. ReservoirA natural or artificial lake that stores water for human use.

34. 16. EutrophicationThe process by which nutrients in a lake build up over time, causing an increase in the growth of algae. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGqZsSuG7ao

35. Notes smaller • 1. Ponds are generally __________and __________than lakes. shallower

36. 2. Ponds and lakes form when water collects in ________ and ___________ areas of land. hollows Low lying areas

37. 3. Five ways lakes can be formed: * * * * * Rainfall melting snow and ice runoff supply water to ponds and lakes fed by rivers groundwater

38. 4. Lake turnover is the _______________change than ___________nutrients throughout the lake. Seasonal refreshes

39. Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 3: Wetlands and Environments

40. 17. WetlandAn area of land that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year.

41. 1. Three types of wetland environments: • A. • B. • C. Marshes Swamps Bogs

42. sheltered • 2. Because of their _________waters and rich supply of _________, wetlands provide _________ for many living things. nutrients habitats

43. 3. Wetlands also help control floods by __________________________ • Wetland Demo absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains.

44. Everglades- A wetland • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUGSiQgobP0 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9b9KNtQrZA

45. 4. Three threats to the Everglades: • A. • B. • C.   farming has introduced new chemicals developers have filled in areas of wetland to build new homes and roads. New organisms brought into the area accidentally or for pest control compete with other organisms for space and food.

46. Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 4: Glaciers and Icebergs

47. Section 4 • 18. GlacierA huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over the land.

48. 1. Glaciers are formed when: *Layers of snow pile on top of more layers of snow. Over time, the weight of the layers presses the particles of snow so tightly together that they form a solid block of ice.

49. 2. Icebergs form when glaciers ______________________________ • _____________________________ break off from a snow-formed glacier and is floats in open water.

50. 90% • 3 _______ percent of an iceberg is underwater. • Hazard to ships because it is often much wider than the visible part of the iceberg. • Titanic Video