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Capacity Development for CDM Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

Capacity Development for CDM Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004 The Baselines Methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board Samir Amous, APEX, Tunisia Regional Centre for North Africa and Middle-East Tel : +216 71 848 094 --- Fax : +216 71 843 453 amous.apex@gnet.tn.

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Capacity Development for CDM Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

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  1. Capacity Development for CDMCairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004 The Baselines Methodologiesapproved by the CDM Executive Board Samir Amous, APEX, TunisiaRegional Centre for North Africa and Middle-East Tel : +216 71 848 094 --- Fax : +216 71 843 453amous.apex@gnet.tn CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  2. 4 approved BL to be presented • Enery Swithing– Graneros, Chili • GHG Reduction through Landfill Gas Capture and Flaring - Salvador Da Bahia, Brazil • Cogeneration Bagasse – Val de Rosario/Brazil • CH4 recycling for Electricity Generation from landfills – South Africa CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  3. Presentation of 4 ApprovedMetodologies CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  4. 1.Fuel Switching Graneros, Chili CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  5. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • Méthodologie: • Title : BL Met. For industrial Fuel Switching from coal and petroleum products to natural gas • Adopted Approach • Existing actual or historical emissions • Also consistent with: • Emissions of a technology that represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investments CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  6. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • Description/action : • NestlCompany: Food for babies and instant Coffee, etc. • Fuel Switching from Coal to NG to produce of Steam and Heat Process conversion of 2 boilers and 2 hot-air furnaces • 18.000 teCO2 avoided/yr CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  7. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • Reasons justifying the additionality : • Charcoal is much more competitive: • US$ 2,55 per million Btu, VS • US $ 3,50 per million Btu for NG • No support is provided by the Chilian Gov. For such an operation CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  8. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • Assumption LB : DYNAMIC: • Increasing coal demand: 4.12% per year (trend 1999-2002) • LB dynamic: actual consumption will determine the Nbr of CERs to be considered (via Monitoring) CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  9. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • Principles of the LB: • The useful heat estimate is calculated from the actual NG consumption • This useful heat is translated into charcoal using charcoal efficiency CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  10. Consumption Growth at de Graneros (base 100 in 1999) CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  11. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • Project Activity : • Investment : US$ 550,000 • Emissions avoidance resulting: • from the difference in efficiency between coal and NG • From the difference in Emission Factors between coal and NG CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  12. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • Emission caculations: • Actual NG consumption starting from 2004 (to be monitored)Emission calculations • Useful Energy (Heat) consumed (from pt 1 above) • Useful Energy converted into coal, using the known coal efficiencyEmission calculations CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  13. Fuel Switching – Graneros, Chili • General Formula: • Direct Emissions on site (if coal) + Fugitives Emissions off-site (coal production, transport, etc.) ( Minus ) • Direct Emissions on site (NG) + Fugitives Emissions off-site (gas treatment, Gas transport, etc.) CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  14. 2. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  15. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil • Méthodology: • Title : GHG reductions through Landfill Gas Capture and Flaring where the baseline is established by a Public Concession Contract • A mix of two approaches: • Émissions from a Technology that represents an economically attractive course of action • Main focus on approach (c): “The average emissions of similar project activities undertaken in the previous five years, in similar social, economic, environmental and technological circumstances, and whose performance is among the top 20 per cent of their category.” CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  16. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil • Description: • Lanndfill located at 20 km from Salvador (Brésil) • 850,000 tons of Solid Wastes disposed (with 65% organic materials) • Concession Contract for managing the landfill allocated to Vega Bahia (The project Proponent) • 300,000 teCO2 avoided/yr • 7 yrs to be renewed CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  17. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil • Reasons justifying Additionality : • agreement stipulates recovery of 19-24% of CH4 • In Brazil, no regulatory texts to recover and destroy CH4actual situation 0% • The Contract doesn’t ask Vega to recover and recycle CH4 CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  18. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil • Assumptions BL • Quantity of CH4 to be recoverd and burnedcalculated on the basis of a formula linked to the actual wastes received • Methane generation Conditions unchanged (Organic fraction, Humidity Factor, temperatures, etc.) CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  19. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil • Actions du projet: • Investment to increase CH4 collection pipes capacities and burning well monitored (burner) • The project will flare 75%-80% of the CH4, instead of the contractuels 19-24% CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  20. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil • Emission calculations: • Quantity of CH4 to be burned according to the contract (19-24%) • Quantity of CH4 to be burned according to the project (75-80%) • The validation process shall confirm that the CH4 generation conditions are still the same (organic fraction, etc.) + 19-24% are still mong the most efficient 20% CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  21. Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Project - Brazil • Monitoring: • Direct Measures of the recovered and bur burned CH4 • Quantities of Sold Waste deposited CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  22. 3. Cogénération Bagasse – Val de Rosario/Brésil CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  23. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Méthodology: • New méthodology derived from the Project from Yhailand using rice husk • « Methodology of Econergy for reducing emissions resulting from cogeneration connected to the grid, using bagasse» • Bagasse: the residus of the sugar cane that is left after juice extraction CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  24. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Assumptions : • Cogeneration using bagasse comes in substitution to fossil fuels and hydroelectricity utilized for power generation in the reference scenario or BL • Future development of the electrical sector in Brazilincreasing quantities of fossil fuels (mainly Nat Gas)utilisation of bagassepartly replace marginal power plant that use mainly Nat Gas CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  25. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Reasons justifying Additionality: • Th economic benefits of the projects without CERs are insufficientunable to remove technical, institutionnal, and financial barriers: • Brazil is currently intensively investing on the development of Nat Gas. The thermal electricity will reach 17% in 2004 (vs 9% in 2001) • Brazil is not investing on bagasse campaniesthere is a need to envisage new spirit towards liberalization of the Elec. sector CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  26. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Reasons justifying Additionality: • Cost for cogénération: US$ 35 to US$ 105/MWh • Marginal cost for electricity in Brazil : US$ 33/MWh • Investment on cogeneration should be compared against other investment opportunities with equal risks • Internal Rate of Return 2004-201116% (without CERs), and 22% (with CERs=US$5) CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  27. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Reasons justifying Additionality: • High transaction costs bureaucracy to obtain agreements for Environmental impact assessment • No standard conractual agreements for selling electricity to the grid (guaranty of duration, guarantee of effective payment, etc.) • Presidentiel Decree to develop cogeneration waited since 1997, never published • No guarantee of performances of Bagasse Cogenerator CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  28. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Baseline: • South-South-East and Midwest grid which will receive the electricity from the cogeneratoravoid thermal emissions of the related grid • The bagasse would have been burned (conservative assumption) instead of getting landfilled (CH4 - emissions) CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  29. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Baseline: CH4 due to open incineration of biomass + Eq. CO2 for the production of alternative electricity (grid) CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  30. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • BL: Emission Factorcombined between (i) FE marginal plants operating in the grid (weighed average excluding hydro) and (ii) Power plant that are foreseen to enter in the grid in the future (base: top 20% best or the 5 most recent plants)0.644 tCO2/MWh L’EB recommandéed to include a proportion of hydro in the first term CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  31. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Baseline: • BL: N2O excluded for simplification • BL : Biomass Incineration CO2 non accounetd for, N2O excluded for simplification CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  32. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Project Activity : CH4 due Electricity Generation = Quantity of biomass utilised x energy content x t-CH4/Tj x GWP CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  33. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Project Activity • CO2 not accounted for, N2O excluded for simplification • CH4 due to storageminor because of limited storage duration CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  34. Cogeneration Bagasse - Brazil • Emissions avoided: EA= + Emissions due to BL • CH4 due to electricity generation • Emissions of CO2, CH4 et N2O due to transport (to the cogeneration site) • Emissions CO2, CH4 et N2O for auxiliary starting CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  35. 4. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa Prototype Carbon Fund CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  36. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Methodology: • « Baseline Methdology for CH4 Recovery from Landfill gas used for electricity generation» • Based on approach 48(b)  Emissions from a technology that represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investment; CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  37. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Project activities: • CH4 collectioon Partly burned Generation of Electricitysold to the grid • Installation of 180 CH4 extraction wholes • 10 MW El. (68 GWh/yr) • 83% rcovery rate CH4 by 2012 CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  38. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Projet decription: • Investment cost: US$ 12.2 millionsBank Loan: 8 yrs at 10% • 3 landfill sites considered: 5,000 tons of Solid Wastes/day • 400,000 teCO2 avoided/yr • Duration: 7 yrs subject to expansion to 14-21 yrs CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  39. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Reasons justifying additionality: • The project is not economically relevant • El. Prodcution cost: US$ 42/MWh • Municipality of Durban is currently charged between US$ 15.6/MWh (peak-load) and US$ 6/MWh (out of peak-load) • Marginal cost of Electricity in South Africa : US$ 22.5/MWh up to the next 10 years CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  40. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Reasons justifying additionality: • Current regulations do not require CH4 recovery CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  41. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Baseline : • CH4 flaring for security purposes (currently only 7% du CH4) • No electricity production needed • Extraction wells added only for security purposes • Electricity ESKOM : mainly based on coal CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  42. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Baseline : • Average CO2 Emissions for the ESKOM grid: • 0.89 tCO2 /MWh CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  43. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa • Project Activity: Recovery of CH4: 83% in 2012 CH4 due to electricity generation = Quantity of biomass utilised x energy content x t-CH4/Tj x GWP CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  44. CH4 recovery from Landfills for Electricity Generation – South Africa CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

  45. Baseline for CDM projects Thanks CD for CDM - Second National Workshop on Baselines (Phase II) Cairo, March 31 & April 1, 2004

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