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Human Subjects Review Tutorial

Why do human subjects project need to be reviewed so carefully?. On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.. The Commission was charged with identifying the bas

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Human Subjects Review Tutorial

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    1. Human Subjects Review Tutorial

    2. Why do human subjects project need to be reviewed so carefully? On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

    3. The Commission was charged with identifying the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles.

    4. What is the Belmont Report? The Belmont Report consists of three principles, or general prescriptive judgments, that are relevant to research involving human subjects. They are stated at a level of generalization that should assist scientists, subjects, reviewers and interested citizens to understand the ethical issues inherent in research involving human subjects

    5. What are the three basic ethical principles? 1. Respect for Person Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents. Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. These include, but are not limited to pregnant women, mentally disabled persons, economically or educationally disadvantaged persons, individuals with diseases such as cancer, asthma, diabetes, cardiac disorders, psychiatric disorders, dyslexia, AIDS, etc., children/minors, and prisoners.

    6. What are the three basic ethical principles? 2. Beneficence Do not harm. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms. One should not injure one person regardless of the benefits that might come to others. It must be decided when it is justifiable to seek certain benefits despite the risks involved, and when the benefits should be forgone because of the risks.

    7. What are the three basic ethical principles? 3. Justice The selection of research subjects needs to be scrutinized in order to determine whether some classes are being systematically selected simply because of their easy availability, their compromised position, or their manipulability, rather than for reasons directly related to the problem being studied. Research should not unduly involve persons from groups unlikely to be among the beneficiaries of subsequent applications of the research.

    8. What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? An IRB is a committee that must evaluate the potential physical and/or psychological risk of research involving human subjects. All proposed human research must be reviewed and approved by an IRB BEFORE experimentation begins. This includes any surveys or questionnaires to be used in a project.

    9. What are the IRB membership requirements? Federal regulations REQUIRE local community involvement, therefore, an IRB should be established at the school level to evaluate human research projects. An IRB must consist of a minimum of three members: a) A science teacher b) A school administrator c) Someone who is knowledgeable and capable of evaluating the physical and/or psychological risk involved in a given study: A medical doctor, physician’s assistant, registered nurse, a psychiatrist, psychologist, or licensed social worker.

    10. What are some tips for a successful IRB? The Adult Sponsor, parents, Qualified Scientist and Designated Supervisor of a project MUST NOT be a member of the IRB reviewing that project. Have two science teachers as members of the IRB to avoid a conflict of interest if one of them is the Adult Sponsor of a project needing review. Include a medical person to review medical human subjects projects and a behavioral specialist to review psychology human subjects projects. Ask for help of the state SRC or international SRC if there are questions about how to advise a student.

    11. Who has jurisdiction? If the project includes subjects limited to where the researcher goes to school or lives, then the local (school) IRB should be reviewing a project. If the researcher is working at a university or other regulated institution, then the initial approval must come from that institution’s IRB and the local IRB is responsible must ensure the research is appropriate for that age of student and that all ISEF rules are followed. If the project includes subjects from places such as other schools, universities, or nursing homes, then those facilities have the right and obligation to review the project as well.

    12. What exactly is human subject research? A human subject is a living individual about whom a researcher, conducing research obtains: (1) Data through intervention or interaction with the individual OR (2) Identifiable private information. Research is a systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.

    13. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher is conducting a study testing the reflex capabilities of different groups of athletes. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    14. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher is having people test a newly engineered device that replaces the traditional computer mouse. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    15. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher is using a survey to collect the opinions of fellow students on different types of music. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    16. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher conducts a study observing whether or not cars come to a complete stop at certain intersections. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    17. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher is conducting a study in which he/she is the subject of the study. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    18. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher is conducting a study on people’s responses to a person greeting them outside of a store while holding a puppy, holding a balloon and then holding nothing. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    19. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher is doing a statistical analysis of crime statistics in different types of cities. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    20. Quiz – Is it human subject research? A researcher is conducting a study on the correlation between GPA and extra-curricular activities. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    21. What are the risks that should be considered during the review? Many kinds of possible harms and benefits need to be taken into account: Psychological harm or benefit Physical harm or benefit Legal harm or benefit Social harm or benefit Economic harm or benefit Risks and benefits of research may affect the individual subjects, the families of the individual subjects and society (or special groups of subjects in society) at large .

    22. What criteria should an IRB use in reviewing research proposals? Risks to subjects are minimized (1) by using procedures which are consistent with sound research design and which do not unnecessarily expose subjects to risk, and (2) whenever appropriate, by using procedures already being performed on the subjects for diagnostic or treatment purposes.

    23. What criteria should an IRB use in reviewing research proposals? Risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits, if any, to subjects, and the importance of the knowledge that may reasonably be expected to result.

    24. What criteria should an IRB use in reviewing research proposals? Selection of subjects is equitable. In making this assessment, the IRB should take into account the purposes of the research and the setting in which the research will be conducted and should be particularly cognizant of the special problems of research involving vulnerable populations.

    25. What criteria should an IRB use in reviewing research proposals? Informed consent will be sought from each prospective subject or the subject’s legally authorized representative (guardian).

    26. What criteria should an IRB use in reviewing research proposals? When appropriate, the research plan makes adequate provision for monitoring the data collected to ensure the safety of subjects.

    27. What criteria should an IRB use in reviewing research proposals? When appropriate, there are adequate provisions to protect the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of data.

    28. What kind of determination can the IRB make of a research project? Minimal Risk where informed consent is recommended, but not required. The IRB must provide a justification for this waiver if the subjects are under 18 years of age. Minimal Risk where informed consent is required. More than minimal risk where informed consent and a Qualified Scientist are required. Rejection of proposed research. Whenever possible, the IRB should review the research plan with a critical eye that not only assesses risk, but also the soundness of the research and provide guidance to the student in making his/her research the best it can be.

    29. What does No More Than Minimal Risk mean? No more than minimal risk exists when the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater (in and of themselves) than those ordinarily encountered in DAILY LIFE or during performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.

    30. Quiz – Is it more than minimal risk? A researcher is testing resting pulses before and after running four laps around a Ľ mile track using both trained and untrained runners. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    31. Quiz – Is it more than minimal risk? A researcher is testing the affects chewing gum, eating breath mints, or using mouth wash have on the accuracy of a breathalyzer testing device. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    32. Quiz – Is it more than minimal risk? A researcher is conducting a survey of classmates that includes questions asking about divorce, depression, anxiety and suicide. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    33. Quiz – Is it more than minimal risk? A researcher is testing subject’s reactions to a particularly violent video game. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    34. Quiz – Is it more than minimal risk? A researcher comparing different ethnicities’ fingerprint patterns. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    35. How can risks be minimized? Consider using adults rather than children/minors in any human subjects project being proposed.

    36. How can risks be minimized? Always allow subjects to withdraw from the research at any time.

    37. How can risks be minimized? Collect the data anonymously or develop data collection procedures that make it impossible to link any identifying information with an individual’s responses or data.

    38. What is Informed Consent? The process of obtaining informed consent provides information to the subject about the risks and benefits associated with participating in the research study and allows the subject to make an educated decision about whether or not to participate.

    39. What is Informed Consent? Describe the purpose of the study as clearly as possible.

    40. What is Informed Consent? List ALL of the research procedures in which the subject will be involved. If there are different procedures for different groups of people, then SEPARTE consent forms need to be completed for each group.

    41. What is Informed Consent? Include the duration of the subject’s involvement.

    42. What is Informed Consent? Describe and assess any potential risk or discomfort, and, if any, potential personal benefits that may be reasonably expected by participating in the research. If there are none, use the following statements: No known risks. No personal benefits to the subject.

    43. What is Informed Consent? Describe the procedures that will be used to minimize risk, to obtain informed consent and/or assent and to maintain confidentiality.

    44. What is Informed Consent? If documented informed consent is not required, subjects must give their consent/assent to participate in the study. The procedure for obtaining consent/assent should be included in the research plan.

    45. Quiz – Is documented informed consent necessary? A researcher is working with a teacher to see what effects different testing strategies have on student’s scores. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    46. Quiz – Is documented informed consent necessary? A researcher is observing different intersections in town and documenting whether cars are coming to a complete stop. Information about the car and driver are not collected. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    47. Quiz – Is documented informed consent necessary? A researcher is looking at the memory capabilities of girls and boys at different grade levels using pictures and words. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    48. Quiz – Is documented informed consent necessary? A researcher is looking at the best angle to use when shooting free throws, using basketball team players as subjects. Hit Enter to see the answer.

    49. What if . . . ? The researcher doesn’t want the subjects to see the survey prior to completing it, but parental/guardian consent is needed?

    50. What if . . . ? The school has only one science teacher, who else can review a student’s project?

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