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HOMINID EVOLUTION

HOMINID EVOLUTION. Phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae in the animal kingdom. . Human classification. Phylogenetic Tree of the family Hominidae:. Australopithecus & Homo Chimpanzees Gorillas Orangutans Gibbons. Tribe : Hominini. Subfamily : Homininae.

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HOMINID EVOLUTION

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  1. HOMINID EVOLUTION Phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae in the animal kingdom.

  2. Human classification

  3. Phylogenetic Tree of the family Hominidae: Australopithecus & Homo Chimpanzees Gorillas Orangutans Gibbons Tribe: Hominini Subfamily: Homininae Family: Hominidae Super family: Hominoidea

  4. Evidence that supports the idea of common ancestors for living hominids including humans: 1) Fossil evidence

  5. 2) Genetic evidence: mitochondrial DNA

  6. 3) Cultural evidence: tool making

  7. List of characteristics that humans share with African apes: p243 • Opposable thumb = • Hands and feet can grasp (prehensile) =

  8. 3) Fingernails instead of claws = 4) Binocular stereoscopic vision =

  9. 5) 32 teeth in permanent heterodont dentition = heterodont means different teeth (molar, canine etc. see p243) 6) Single pair of mammary glands (breasts)

  10. Tabulated anatomical differences between African apes and humans:

  11. Gorilla A. africanus Human Foramen magnum positioning for Bipedalism

  12. Hip / Pelvis and leg structure for Bipedalism

  13. Bipedalism leaves the hands free to hold food, young and protect self. Allows field of view over tall grasses to protect against stalking predators.

  14. Distribution of humans across the planet: The Out of Africa hypothesis states that all modern humans originated in Africa.

  15. Out – of – Africa theory

  16. Lines of evidence that support the Out of Africa hypothesis: 1) Fossil record – fossil sites in: a) The Great Rift Valley in East Africa (Kenya and Tanzania), Ethiopia p256 b) South Africa p256 2) Mitochondrial DNA p255

  17. Bipedalism evidence: • Laetoli footprints discovered in 1978 by Mary Leaky at Laetoli in Tanzania. • 3.6 million years old. • Made most likely by an australopithecene

  18. P246 – 248 = Very good for studying developmental comparisons.

  19. HOMINID EVOLUTION • Ardipithecusramidus(aka Ardi) – 1994 Ethiopia 4.4 mya p249

  20. 3.2 mya p249 • Australopithecusafarensis (aka Lucy) – 1974 Ethiopia

  21. 1924 – Taung, R.S.A. 1947 – Sterkfontein 2.8 – 2.6 mya p250 Australopithecusafricanus – Taung child & Mrs. Ples

  22. 1968 – Olduvai Gorge Tanzania 2.5mya p250 Homohabilis – ‘Handy Man’

  23. 1959 – Olduvai Gorge Tanzania 2.2 – 1.2 mya p250 Paranthropusboisei – Nutcracker man

  24. 1891 – Java Indonesia 1.8 – 1.3mya p251 Homoerectus – ‘Walking upright man’ (Java man)

  25. 1938 Kromdraai, R.S.A. 1.2mya p250 Paranthropusrobustus – ‘strong almost man’

  26. 1907 – Mauer, Germany 600 000 – 400 000ya Not in text Homoheidelbergensis

  27. (1829) 1856 – all across Europe, from Belgium, into Germany, Gibraltar, Palestine 600 000 – 30 000ya not in text Homoneanderthalensis

  28. 250 000ya – present day p251 Homosapiens – ‘Wise man’

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