2013 Ingestion Pathway Response NCEMA Spring Conference Mitch Burton

1. 2013 Ingestion Pathway ResponseNCEMA Spring ConferenceMitch Burton

2. Why We Do, What We Do NC STATE AND EPZ COUNTY PLANS (annual revision) NUREG-0654 (in revision) Protect the Public. NUREG-0737 FEMA REP-22 29” COUNTY SOGs (annual revision) REP Program Manual (New Revision-30 Months) EPA-400, Letters, NUREGs

3. Who is involved with a possible Ingestion Pathway Response? • Davidson • Davie • Durham • Forsyth • Franklin • Gaston • Gates • Graham • Granville • Guilford • Harnett • Henderson • Hertford • Hoke • Iredell • Jackson • Polk • Randolph • Richmond • Robeson • Rowan • Rutherford • Sampson • Scotland • Stanly • Transylvania • Union • Vance • Wake • Wayne • Wilkes • Wilson • Yadkin • Alamance • Alexander • Anson • Bladen • Brunswick • Burke • Cabarrus • Caldwell • Camden • Caswell • Catawba • Chatham • Cherokee • Cleveland • Columbus • Cumberland • Johnston • Lee • Lincoln • Macon • Mecklenburg • Montgomery • Moore • Nash • New Hanover • Northhampton • Onslow • Orange • Pasquotank • Pender • Perquimans • Person • 65 COUNTIES FOR 10 NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN 4 STATES

4. The Release to the Environment

5. 10-Mile Plume Exposure Pathway“The Release” Direct Exposure Wind

6. 50-Mile Ingestion Exposure PathwayExposure from Consumption of Food, Dairy, Water Wind

7. What happens when a release occurs? “Protective Action Decision Time”

8. The decisions to be made are… • What areas to “Shelter-in-Place” • What areas to “Evacuate” • Should Potassium Iodide (KI) be issued to the general public? • All of this direction is provided by a computer software that the utility, state and Nuclear Regulatory Commission uses to determine where the contamination is going in the environment…

9. Protective Action Recommendations (PAR) come from the Utility Protective Action Decisions are from the State and EPZ Counties Why the difference between PARs and PADs?

10. Once the decisions are made, INFORM THE PUBLIC • Siren Activation • Tone Alert Weather Radio Activation (if applicable for your jurisdiction) • EAS Messages • Press Releases • Media Briefings

11. THE RELEASE HAS STOPPEDNow the other activities… • Restricted Area Verification • Relocation if necessary • Re-Entry into the Restricted Area • Return of residents to the once evacuated areas • It is all about the people and animals at this point… • Limited resources • Food, dairy and water will be isolated from getting into the markets at first.

12. Restricted Area Verification In combination with Radiation Protection Section, Utility Environmental Monitoring Teams, and the RAP teams; NARAC/FRMAC will release their initial assessment of the release path based once again on computer modeling.

13. Restricted Area Verification, continued Within 6-12 hours FRMAC will send their Aerial Monitoring System to monitor the ground contamination. Very accurate. Used extensively at the Fukushima event. Along with ground sampling teams this will provide enough information to determine if other areas of the population would require Relocation.

14. Relocation then… • If the flyovers and sampling indicates increased evacuation is required the order will be given to move the affected population out of the area.

15. Re-Entry Activities… • Need to gain access to areas inside the restricted area for critical missions. • Farmers putting out more feed • Milking cows • Infrastructure • First responders • This would require a special entry and exit point to the restricted area, briefings, dosimetry, protective clothing, stay times, etc.

16. Return Activities • For those that were evacuated the first day the attempt is made to return these evacuees to their homes. • This will be based on verification through sampling and flyovers that there is no contamination in the area or the levels are low enough to allow entry back into their homes.

17. Once the people/animals are taken care of what is next…

18. VARIABLES . Time of year . Type of soil . Type of water supply system . Weather conditions . Type of vegetation . Type of contamination IDENTIFYING THE CONCERNS… PATHWAYS FOR INGESTION Airborne Release Deposition Deposition Irrigation Surface and Ground Water Soil and Vegetation Runoff Forage/Grains Fruits/Vegetables Grains Reservoirs Cisterns Aquatic Food Chain Livestock Poultry Fresh and Processed Fish Seafood Drinking Meat Milk Eating Drinking

19. THREE INGESTION PATHWAYS… FOOD WATER DAIRY MILK

20. Preventive Protective Actions • Actions taken are based on best information available at the time of the release. Actions are usually based on dose projection and other protective action decisions

21. DAIRY INGESTION PATHWAY Release

22. MILK PATHWAY PROTECTION • Remove From Pasture – Especially Lactating Animals • Shelter Animals • Place Animals on Uncontaminated Feed and Water • Withhold Contaminated Milk From Market • Storage for Long Periods of Time will Allow for Decay of Radiation (Radioactive Iodine) • ○ After 40-50 days Iodine will be gone (8 day half-life) • Divert Raw Milk

23. FOOD INGESTION PATHWAY Deposition on Crops Due to Plume Depletion Deposition on Crop Surfaces Due to Irrigation Uptake by Plants Due to Irrigation Contaminated Stream or Well

24. WHAT TO DO? • FRUITS & VEGETABLES • Remove Surface Contamination by… • Scrubbing • Washing • Brushing • Peeling

25. WHAT TO DO? • MEAT & MEAT PRODUCTS • Place Animals on Uncontaminated Feed and Water • Sheltering • Monitoring

26. WHAT TO DO? • POULTRY and POULTRY PRODUCTS • Monitor Poultry if They are Raised Outdoors, Especially if Used for Egg Production • If Poultry Live Indoors, and Fed Rationed Feed, Contamination is Unlikely

27. WHAT TO DO? • SOILS • Non-use of the land for a period of time • Planting alternative crops – (Cotton / Flax) • Deep Plowing to Move Contamination Below Root Level • Removal and proper disposal of soil

28. WHAT TO DO? • GRAINS • Allow Plants to Grow to maturity for wind and rain can remove some contamination as will time • “Dilution is the solution” • Mill and Polish

29. WATER INGESTION PATHWAY Contaminated Well Contaminated Stream Drinking Well Water Drinking Stream Water

30. WHAT TO DO? • WATER • Cover Open Wells, Rain Barrels, and Tanks • Disconnect Filler Pipes from Runoff Supplies • Close Water Intake Valves from Contaminated Sources • GO TO BOTTLED WATER • Underground Water Supplies Should not be Affected Since Contaminates on the Ground Travel Slowly • SAMPLE QUESTIONED SUPPLIES – Part of the comprehensive sampling program instituted after an event

31. SO WHAT IS THIS SAMPLING PLAN? • Decisions on Sampling: • Decisions are based on: • Known releases • Dose Projections • Laboratory analysis • Verification • Sampling Plan • Mobilizing and Deploying Sampling Teams • Laboratory Support

32. KNOWN LOCATIONS OF BELOW ITEMS… Local Cooperative Extensions/Ag is the key • Mapping of Various Locations: • Dairies • Land use (individual crop locations) • Water supply intakes and treatment plants • Food Processing Facilities

33. Emergency Protective Actions • Actions taken to… • Isolate food from commerce • Institute actions necessary (e.g. embargo, quarantine…)

34. Emergency Protective ActionsHow does all of this come together? • Emergency Instructions and Public Information • Decontamination • Food and Feed • Exposure Control • Disposal • Regulatory and Enforcement Actions

35. Emergency Instructions and Public Information • Timely Press Releases • Public Perception • Involve Key Officials • Exposure Prevention • Control and Decontamination • Recommendations to: • Distributors and Processors • Restaurant Operators • Food Transporters • Advise Consumers • Use Local Cooperative Extension Service

36. Decontamination • Need for Washing: • Animals • Equipment • Houses • Buildings • Food • Processing Establishments • Need for Soil Treatments

37. Food and Feed • Provide Food For: • Emergency Operations Centers • Emergency Response Facilities • Transporting of: • Safe Drinking Water • Food • Feed • Assess “Uncontaminated” Feed Supplies

38. Disposal (EPA will provide guidance) • Livestock • General Food

39. Regulatory and Enforcement Actions • Quarantine Agricultural Products • Embargo

40. Ongoing Operations with the end in mind, Recovery… • Continue to plot Contaminated • Advise Agricultural Community of Preventative Actions • Public Information Messages/Pamphlets • Collect Samples • Issue Emergency Actions as Required • Continue to Evaluate Ingestion Data CONTAMINATION IDENTIFICATION • Degree of Contamination • Human Foods • Livestock Feeds • Water Supplies • Controls of the Food Chain, if Necessary

41. Operations, continued • Within 50-Mile EPZ • Areas that may be Contaminated • Protective Actions • Livestock Owners • Farmers • Food Processors • Water Supply • Home Gardeners • Land Use Map • Dairies & Dairy Processing Plants • Food Processors • Fruits & Vegetables • Meat Processors • Game Lands • Honey • Fish • Water Reservoirs/Intake Points

42. Sampling… • Sample collection for… • Water • Raw Milk • Raw Foods • Pasture Grasses • Animal Feeds • Processed and/or Packaged Foods • Processed Animal Feeds • Sample Collection where? • Farms • Water Reservoirs/Intake Points • Food & Feed Processing Plants • Retail Distribution Points • Laboratory Analysis - Radioactivity Levels

43. Other Potential Issues • Prioritization of sampling • Contamination • Public Perception • Consumer Confidence • Insurance and Reimbursement

44. Prioritization of sampling • Predominant crops and industries • Time of year • Areas effected • Deposition foot-print size

45. How much is too much contamination? • FDA has guidance on pre-determined level • Called “Derived Intervention Level” (DIL) • Varies by isotope and food product • If it’s below the DIL but above background… • Political issue • ANI reimbursement issue • Two radioactive isotopes are of primary concern: • Iodine 131 (half life of 8 days) • Cesium 137 (half life of ~30 years)

46. Public Perception • Public information and education is crucial • The Public Information Officers must stay ahead of the rumors and false information being presented. • Fukushima event brought out every “expert” providing misinformation throughout the event. • General public’s distrust of industry • Response organizations must be unified

47. Consumer Confidence • May not be based in reality: • Use of DILs for decision making • May be based on fear: • “Its Radioactive, glowing green”, I’m not going to eat that!!

48. Public Health • Mental Health issues may become a concern. • “The stresses of personal involvement in the evacuation, management and cleanup related to the Fukushima nuclear accident have emerged as the biggest factors in ill health for Japanese people” (World Nuclear News) • Public Information and Public Health working together can greatly reduce the stress in large scale events.

49. Compensation… how does it work? Congress is required, under the Price-Andersen Act, to “take whatever action is determined to be necessary…to provide full and prompt compensation” for claims resulting in damages that exceed the $12.22 billion layer SECONDARY FINANCIAL PROTECTION LAYER $12.22 Billion ($117.495 Million x 104 Reactors) PRIMARY INSURANCE LAYER – AMERICAN NUCLEAR INSURERS $375 million available for “reasonable expenses” during evacuation order (and other expenses as money is available…)

50. Reference Material…