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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Lindsay Harris. Prevelance. 3-7% of school-age children in U.S. Boys- 2x as likely Decreases with age ½ kids continue problems as adults Controversal 70-80% have other disorders. Causes. Genetic-80%- 24x more likely if parents have

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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  1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Lindsay Harris

  2. Prevelance • 3-7% of school-age children in U.S. • Boys- 2x as likely • Decreases with age • ½ kids continue problems as adults • Controversal • 70-80% have other disorders

  3. Causes • Genetic-80%- 24x more likely if parents have • Gene in novelty seeking • Defects in dopamine genes • Birth Complications • Decreased brain volume • Traumatic brain injury • Food Additives? • TV & Video games?

  4. Signs & Symptoms • Inattention • Distractibility • Impulsivity • Easily frustrated • Active at wrong time & place • Behavior Management problems • Focal Control problems • Associative Control problems • Innattentive & hyperactive- 85% • Antisocial & Depression

  5. Diagnosis • Psychiatrists, psychologists, educators • Cognition • Processing • Language • Attention • Behavioral Problems • Social interactions

  6. Diagnostic tests • Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children • DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

  7. Treatment-Drugs • 2.5 million kids • Psychostimulants • Ritalin, Metadate, Concerta, Dexedrine, Dexostat • Temporary decrease in impulsivity & Hyperactivity • Better concentration & focus • Make feel more elated and less fatigued • Inhibits problems in dopamine system responses • Increase dopamine • Can be abused & psychologically addicting • Not everyone responds well • Antidepressants

  8. Treatments-environmental • Individual attention • Breaking down exercises • Rewards and Reinforcement • Separate classroom • Consistency of rules

  9. Treatments-social • 30-40% of referrals to guidance clinics • Behavior Therapy • Depression and other comorbities

  10. Exercise Prescription • Yoga • Participation on sports teams • Short bouts of Physical Exercise • Playing on a playground • Maximal Exercise

  11. Exercise Benefits • Can co-exist/replace meds • Some children need to expend more energy • Calmer & attentive • Decrease stress • Decrease anxiety • Better task management • Increase self-esteem • Release of frustration • Sense of success & independence • Socialization

  12. Exercise Effects • Causes the release of achetylcholine • Affects dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems • Anxiety-like response caused by exercise overrides anxiety feelings

  13. References • Azrin, N. (2006). Physical Exercise as a Reinforcer to Promote Calmness of an ADHD Child. Behavior Modification, 564-569. • Banerjee, T.D. (2007). Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. ActaPaediatrica, 12699-1273. • Barlow, D. (2009). Abnormal Psychology. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning • Chan, P. (2006). A cross-sectional analysis of video games and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents. Annals of General Psychiatry, 1-11 • Kiluk, B. (2008). Sport Participation and Anxiety in Children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1-7 • Papalia, D. (2007). Human Development. New York: McGraw Hill. • Putnam, S. (2001). Nature’s Ritalin for the Marathon Mind. Upper Access. • Maddigan, B. (2003). The Effects of Massage Therapy & Exercise Therapy on children/adolescents with Atrtention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review, 40-43 • Tantillo, M. (2002). The effects of exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Medicine and science in Sports, 203-210 • Vinson, B. (2007). Language Disorders Across the Lifespan. Thomson Delmar Learning.

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