4 0 3 . 0 5

1. 4 0 3 . 0 5 Winds

2. H Winds within a high Winds blow clockwise and outwards.

3. Area of Divergence A flow of air outwards from a region and is associated with highs. Sinking air compensates for the flow of air outwards.

4. L Winds within a low Winds blow counter-clockwise and inwards.

5. Area of Convergence The flow of air into an area of low pressure is accompanied by rising air allowing the excess accumulation to escape.

6. Land Breeze • Blows at night • Land becomes cooler faster than water causing a high over the land • Wind blows from the land (high pressure area) towards the water (low pressure area)

7. H L Land Breeze Warm Sea causes Low Pressure over the sea. Cool land causes High Pressure over the land Wind blows from high to a low

8. Sea Breeze • Occurs during the day • Land heats faster than water causing a low over the land • Wind blows from the sea (high pressure area) towards the land (low pressure area)

9. H L Sea Breeze Warm Land causes Low Pressure over the land Cool Sea causes High Pressure over the sea Wind blows from high to a low

10. Confirmation Stage NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

11. Meteorology Winds Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology: Question #1 - Match A flow of air outwards from a region and is associated with highs. Sinking air compensates for the flow of air outwards. The flow of air into an area and is accompanied by rising air to permit the excess accumulation to escape. Area of divergence A Area of convergence B Area of divergence A Area of convergence B

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16. Meteorology Winds Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology: Question #2 - At night land cools faster then water forming a higher pressure area. The result is wind blowing from the land to the sea. This is known as . A Land breeze B Sea breeze C Wind shear Jet stream D

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21. Diurnal Variations • Daily variation of the wind • Caused by surface heating during the day • Causes turbulence in lower levels which transfers the stronger upper level winds to the surface • This causes surface winds to veer an increase during the day • Surface winds back and decrease during the evening when daytime heating stops.

22. GUSTS A rapid and brief increase in the wind speed. It is often associated with rapid fluctuations in the wind direction.

23. GUSTS Rapid peaks and lulls in the wind speed 30 25 20 SPEED (KNOTS) 15 10 5 TIME

24. SQUALLS Similar to a gust but of longer duration. Caused by the passage of a fast moving cold front or a thunderstorm.

25. SQUALLS 30 25 20 15 10 5 AT LEAST TWO MINUTES SPEED (KNOTS) SUDDEN INCREASE LASTING FOR AT LEAST TWO MINUTES TIME

26. Mechanical Turbulence Friction between the air and surface features of the earth is responsible for the swirling vortices of air called “eddies”.

27. Tornadoes Violent, circular whirlpools of air associated with severe thunderstorms and are very deep concentrated lows.

28. Veering and Backing • Veer • the wind changes direction clockwise • wind veers and increase as altitude increases • e.g. 270° to 300 ° • wind veers and increases during the day • Back • the wind changes direction counter-clockwise • wind backs and decreases as altitude decreases • e.g. 90° to 60° • wind backs and decreases at night

29. Wind Shear Sudden “tearing” or “shearing” change in wind speed or direction. Can be very violent. Jet Stream Narrow bands of exceeding high speed winds known to exist in higher levels of the troposphere at altitudes ranging from 20,000-40,000 feet. Wind speed is usually 100-125 knots but may get as high as 250 knots.

30. Confirmation Stage NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

31. Meteorology Winds Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology: Question #3 - What is a rapid and brief increase in the wind speed? A Squall B Gust C Wind shear Jet stream D

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36. Meteorology Winds Let's try a few review questions on Meteorology: Question #4 - When happens to the wind as an aircraft ascends? A Veer and increase B Veer and decrease C Back and increase Back and decrease D

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41. Meteorology Winds Congratulations!! You have now completed the Winds lesson of the Meteorology Module. Of course, this lesson is always available to you for future reference if required. You are now ready to move along to the next Meteorology lesson you have not completed or to any other module you wish. You can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the final exam. Good Luck!