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Abstract

MULTI-FREQUENCY, MULTI-POLARIZATION AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS OF BARE SOIL, SNOW AND WATER ICE MICROWAVE REFLECTION AND EMISSION BY C-, Ku-, AND Ka-BAND, COMBINED SCATTEROMETER-RADIOMETER SYSTEMS.

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Abstract

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  1. MULTI-FREQUENCY, MULTI-POLARIZATION AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS OF BARE SOIL, SNOW AND WATER ICE MICROWAVE REFLECTION AND EMISSION BY C-, Ku-, AND Ka-BAND, COMBINED SCATTEROMETER-RADIOMETER SYSTEMS Artashes Arakelyan, Astghik Hambaryan, Vardan Hambaryan, Vanik Karyan, Mushegh Manukyan, Melanya Grigoryan, Gagik Hovhannisyan, Arsen Arakelyan, Marine Simonyan and Mariam Krdyan ECOSERV Remote Observation Centre Co. Ltd. www.ecoservroc.com 2 G. Njdeh Str., #24, Yerevan, 375006, ARMENIA Phone: (374 10) 421 877/425 088; Fax: (374 10) 421 877 emails: arakelyanak@yahoo.com; ecoservroc@yahoo.com

  2. Abstract In this presentation the results of simultaneous and spatially coincident, multi-polarization measurements of snow, bare soil and fresh water ice microwave reflective (radar backscattering coefficient) and emissive (brightness temperature) characteristics angular dependences at 5.6GHz, 15GHz and 37GHz will be represented. As well as structural and operational features of ArtAr-5.6 (C-band), ArtAr-15 (Ku-band) and ArtAr-37 (Ka-band), dual-polarization, combined scatterometric-radiometric systems will be discussed.

  3. Utilized Devices Multi-polarization, combined scatterometric radiometric systems ArtAr-5.6 ArtAr-15 ArtAr-37

  4. C and Ku-band systems has three operational modes for their transmitters, suitable for short (5m-50m), middle (30m-250m) and long distance (150m-2500m and more) applications from flying, moving or stationary fixed measuring platforms. • Ka-band system has only short (5m-50m) range application mode for its transmitter, suitable for low altitude moving or stationary fixed measuring platforms

  5. For a case of a train of N pulses For a single pulse case Radar reception at vv and vh pol. Time for receivers protection Transmission of a pulseat v or h pol. TT TR e Radar reception at vv and vh pol. or at hh and hv pol. Transmission of a pulse of the train at v or h pol. TP r Time for receivers protection TT TS – TT TP u Radiometric reception at v and h pol. TP u Radiometric reception at v and h pol. TP r TB TB t t TS TS Transmission of a train of pulses at v or h pol. TR TR TP TP Time division channeling is used for each system’s scatterometer and radiometer functioning, to provide required electromagnetic decoupling. Time diagrams of the systems’ operation

  6. The main technical characteristics of the used devices

  7. The Experimental Site of ECOSERV ROC Company

  8. MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION FACILITIES

  9. Calibration by Sky

  10. Calibration by Sky, a Chart sample, 37GHz The Observation angle  ~ 300 The Observation angle  ~ 300 Radiometer Caliber 18K at“h” pol. and at “v” pol. The level when the Input Key switched off antennaat “v” pol. and at “h” pol. The level when the Input Key switched off antennaat “v” pol. and at “h” pol. Radiometer Caliber 18K at“v” and at “h” pol. Change of Polarizationfrom “h” to “v” RadiometerCalibers 18K at “v” pol. nd at “h” pol. Sky Level at “v” pol. and at “h” pol. Sky Level at “v” pol. and at “h” pol.

  11. Soil Measurements’ Chart Sample, 15GHz Combed Soil at =200 Radar Channels “0” Level Radar channel, “vv” pol. Combed Soil at =800 Radar channel, “vh” pol. Radar Calibers The level when the Input Key switched off antenna Radiometric channel, “v” pol. The level when the Input Key switched off antenna Combed Soil at =200 Radiometric channel, “h” pol. Radiometer Calibers 18K Combed Soil at =800 14.03.2011, Experiment-4.1, Combed soil

  12. Chart’s Continuation Combed Soil at =0-50 Radar channel, pol. “vv” Combed Soil at =00 Combed Soil at =800 Radar Calibers Radar channel, pol. “vh” Radar Channels “0” Level Radar Channels “0” Level Combed Soil at =0-50 Radiometric channel, pol. “v” Radiometer Calibers 18K The level when the Input Key’s switched off antenna Radiometer Calibers 18K Combed Soil at =00 Radiometric channel, pol. “h” Combed Soil at =800

  13. THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS Backscattered signal’s level Radar channel’s “0” Level Radar caliber signal’s level Input Key’s emission level The value of radiometric calibers 18K or so Surface emission signal’s level Input Key’s emissivity Input Key’s physical temperature Radiometer caliber signal’s level

  14. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C Semi-Dry Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ 10C Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C Semi-Dry Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ 10C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 5.6GHz, March. 2010

  15. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Dry Snow, thickness ~ 13.5cm tsnow ~ -20C, tair ~ -60C Semi-Dry, thickness ~ 14.5cm tsnow ~ -0.50C, tair ~ -10C Semi-Dry, thickness ~ 14.5cm tsnow ~ -0.50C, tair ~ -10C Dry Snow, thickness ~ 13.5cm tsnow ~ -20C, tair ~ -60C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 37GHz, 2 Feb. 2011

  16. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Dry Snow, thickness ~ 9cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ -20C Dry Snow, thickness ~ 8.5cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ -50C Dry Snow, thickness ~ 8.5cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ -50C Dry Snow, thickness ~ 9cm tsnow ~ -10C, tair ~ -20C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 37GHz, 4 Feb. 2011

  17. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Wet Snow, thickness ~ 2-3cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 5.50C Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C Wet Snow, thickness ~ 7.5cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 20C Wet Snow, thickness ~ 2-3cm tsnow ~ -00C, tair ~ 5.50C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 37GHz, 9 Feb. 2011

  18. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=21%,tair ~ 50C, tsoil ~ 3-40C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%,tair ~ 30C, tsoil ~ 20C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=21%,tair ~ 50C, tsoil ~ 3-40C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%,tair ~ 30C, tsoil ~ 20C 37GHz, 11 Feb. 2011 37GHz, 16 Feb. 2011

  19. ,dB ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=21%,tair ~ 20C, tsoil ~ 20C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=11%,tair ~ 80C, tsoil ~ 50C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=21%,tair ~ 20C, tsoil ~ 20C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=11%,tair ~ 80C, tsoil ~ 50C 37GHz, 23 Feb. 2011 37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011

  20. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%,tair ~ 30C, tsoil ~ 40C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%,tair ~ 30C, tsoil ~ 40C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%,tair ~ 30C, tsoil ~ 40C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%,tair ~ 30C, tsoil ~ 40C 37GHz, 7 March 2011 15GHz, 7 March 2011

  21. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture mm=23.9%,tair ~ 120C, tsoil ~ 80C Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture mm=23.9%,tair ~ 120C, tsoil ~ 80C Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture mm=23.9%,tair ~ 120C, tsoil ~ 80C Uncombed and combed soils, soil moisture mm=23.9%,tair ~ 120C, tsoil ~ 80C 37GHz, 14 March 2011 15GHz, 14 March 2011

  22. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Combed soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%,tair ~ 180C, tsoil ~ 140C Combed soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%,tair ~ 180C, tsoil ~ 140C Combed soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%,tair ~ 180C, tsoil ~ 140C Combed soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%,tair ~ 180C, tsoil ~ 140C 37GHz, 20 March 2011 15GHz, 20 March 2011

  23. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Dug soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%, tair ~ 160C, tsoil ~ 140C Dug soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%, tair ~ 160C, tsoil ~ 140C Dug soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%, tair ~ 160C, tsoil ~ 140C Dug soil, soil moisture mm=16.7%, tair ~ 160C, tsoil ~ 140C 37GHz, 20 March 2011 15GHz, 20 March 2011

  24. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Fresh water ice, thickness ~17cm tice ~ -20C,tair~ -30C,twater ~ 0-10C Fresh water ice, thickness ~13.5cm tice ~ -40C,tair~ -130C,twater ~ 0-10C Fresh water ice, thickness ~17cm tice ~ -20C,tair~ -30C,twater ~ 0-10C Fresh water ice, thickness ~13.5cm tice ~ -40C,tair~ -130C,twater ~ 0-10C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

  25. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Fresh water ice, thickness ~10cm tice ~ -10C,tair~ -30C,twater ~ 1-20C Fresh water ice, thickness ~7.5cm tice ~ -10C,tair~ 90C,twater ~ 30C Fresh water ice, thickness ~10cm tice ~ -10C,tair~ -30C,twater ~ 1-20C Fresh water ice, thickness ~7.5cm tice ~ -10C,tair~ 90C,twater ~ 30C 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010 5.6GHz, Feb. 2010

  26. ,dB ,dB ,K ,K Fresh water ice, thickness ~ 2cm tice ~ -0.50C,tair~ 80C,twater ~ 20C Fresh water ice, thickness ~3-4cm tice ~ -10C,tair~ -5.50C,twater ~ 20C Fresh water ice, thickness ~3-4cm tice ~ -10C,tair~ -5.50C,twater ~ 20C Fresh water ice, thickness ~ 2cm tice ~ -0.50C,tair~ 80C,twater ~ 20C 37GHz, 4 Feb. 2011 37GHz, 9 Feb. 2011

  27. ,dB ,K ,K ,K Clear Sky temperature, tair~ 20C, Pool water surface tair~ 20C,twater ~ 40C Pool water surface tair~ 20C,twater ~ 40C Soil and dry stems of vegetation, soil moisture mm=17%, tair ~ 20C, tsoil ~ 20C Sky temperature, cloudy tair~ 20C, Pool water surface tair~ 20C,twater ~ 40C 37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011 37GHz, 28 Feb. 2011

  28. CONCLUSION • Thus, simultaneous and spatially coincident multi-frequency and multi-polarization measurements are an actual and significant tool to improve existed reflective and radiative transfer models of soil, snow, ice, soil vegetation and sea surface.

  29. Such measurements are an effective way: • forsolution of the problems applied to soil and snow moistures and temperatures precise and unambiguous retrievals. • for sea surface wind and wave fields parameters, sea temperature and salinity precise and unambiguous retrievals. • for detection and classification of soil and sea surface and sub-surface (underground) signatures and targets. • for soil vegetation classification and parameters evaluation, etc.

  30. This presentation has an aim as well to attract the attention of interested researchers to the existed experimental site and microwave devices (scatterometer-radiometer systems of S, C, Ku, K and Ka-band of frequencies), and to invite them to use these devices in their field campaigns or to perform joint researches using available devices, measuring and calibration facilities of our Company.

  31. Acknowledgements • Combined radar-radiometer systems and the experimental site were developed and built due to the finances provided by International Science and Technology Center of Moscow (ISTC) and by the US Civilian Research and Development Foundation (CRDF) in collaboration with Cortana Corporation. • Authors express their gratitude to both foundations and to Cortana Corporation for their financial maintenance in planned work’s fulfillment.

  32. Thank you !

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