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B. Erik Ydstie

B. Erik Ydstie. B. Erik Ydstie. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. B. Erik Ydstie. Research in PhotoVoltaics. Acknowledgements: Georg Hagen, NTNU Cyrus Zahedi IFE Christian Dethloff ELKEM Gunnar Schussler ELKEM/HiA Bruno Ceccaroli, Scanwafer

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B. Erik Ydstie

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  1. B. Erik Ydstie

  2. B. Erik Ydstie Norwegian University of Science and Technology

  3. B. Erik Ydstie Research in PhotoVoltaics Acknowledgements: Georg Hagen, NTNU Cyrus Zahedi IFE Christian Dethloff ELKEM Gunnar Schussler ELKEM/HiA Bruno Ceccaroli, Scanwafer Paul Sides, Carnegie Mellon

  4. Overview: PhotoVoltaics in Norway • PhotoVoltaics - Primer • Market Analysis and Application Areas • Research and Development in Norway Elkem/Scanwafer/IFE/NTNU/SINTEF/HiA • Summary

  5. PhotoVoltaics: Primer • Clean, Renewable Energy from the SUN • Silicon: 14-16% Efficiency • 0.1 kWp per m2 • 100 kWp per ton Silicon Global Energy Consumption filled with 0.1% of desert area covered!

  6. ARCO Magazine 1989 - cells produced by NAPS

  7. PV Market Development 25-30 % Annual Growth last Years Main Markets • Residential • Telecommunications • Off-Grid Mobile • On Grid Power Stations

  8. PhotoVoltaics: Silicon is Material of Choice Silicon Theoretical limit 22% + established technology + availability/stability + known material properties - manufacturing challenges Alternative Materials (Ga/In/Te/As..) + efficiency ( 32% record) + / - toxicity - / + availability - technological challenges 20.1 % Efficiency Amorphous Si /Crystalline Substrate

  9. PhotoVoltaics: The Production Path Metallurgical Si - Silgrain 99.5% Electronic Grade Si 1ppb 12,000 tons/year SiO2 Red. Silgrain TCS Dist CVD Cryst Wafers Etch. Scrap Silicon - tops/tails/rejects… 1200 tons/year Remelt/Cryst Wafers Solar Cells Solar Grade Si 1 ppm

  10. Cost Structure for PV Electricity - 500MWp Si-Production Crystallization Wafers Cell Fabrication Module Fabrication Installation Production Step Cost Euro per Wp Si-Production and Crystallization 0.28 Wafering 0.22 Solar Cell Fabrication 0.11 Module Manufacture 0.30 Connector Convertor/Insatllation 0.78 Total 1.69 KPMG/Greenpeace: 500 MWp , 10 yr Depr. 15% ROI

  11. PhotoVoltaics: Feed-Stock Problem ! 12 % Growth 25 % Growth … solar energy will remain a small and specialized industry that will start to shrink,… Bob Hall, AstroPower

  12. PhotoVoltaics: The Production Path Electronic Si - $40-60 per kg Metallurgical Si - $ 3 per kg SiO2 Red. Silgrain TCS Dist CVD Cryst Wafers Etch. Missing Link Scrap Si - $ 15 -25 per kg Remelt/Cryst Wafers Solar Cells Solar Grade Aim $ 8-12 per kg

  13. PV Research and Development - Norway • 4 Million inhabitants • 150 k sq mi • Constitutional Monarchy (1905) • Oil/Fish/Gas/HydroPower • Largest producer of Silicon in the world Glomfjord Trondheim Oslo Kristiansand/Grimstad

  14. R&D in Norway: Elkem ASA • 4100 Employees • Materials Production ( Si/FeSi/Al/C/SiO2 ) • Leading Producer of Silicon for Electronics • Solar Grade Research Program • Pure Raw Materials • Silgrain ++ • Crystallization • Thin Film • Alternative Processes R&D Center in Kristiansand

  15. 2 bilder R&D in Norway: ScanWafer • Located in Glomfjord - 67o North ! • Employees: 100 @ end 2001 • 6.3 million Wafers • Global Market Share 5% • Europe 20 % • Integrated • Wafers • Cells • Modules • Energy • R&D

  16. R&D in Norway: IFE - Kjeller Thin Film: Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth • High Purity EG-Si on UMG-Si from ELKEM • 12% Efficiency achieved • EU Program initiated for LPE/CVD Cyrus Zahedi, Elekem

  17. Renewable Energy Sun Wind Water R&D in Norway: NTNU/SINTEF-Trondheim From Sand to Solar Cells - Industry and NFR • New Production Processes (Plasma/Electrolysis…) • Storage and Transportation of Energy (Hydrogen) • Characterization/SEM... • Clean Room/Crystallization • Architectural

  18. R&D in Norway: HiA - Grimstad Sun Wind and Hydrogen - Industry and NFR Silane Decomposition for Simplified Poly-Silicon ELKEM ScanWafer IFE Power Companies Prof Egeland HiA

  19. Summary: The Challenge • From Small Batch to Integrated Processing • Waste Minimization • Sustainable Technological Development • Systems Engineering and Public Policy

  20. Summary: A Bright Future • PV Industry with Ambitious Vision for the Future • ScanWafer from Silicon to Solar Cells and Modules • ELKEM Major Supplier of Feedstock • University and Institute R&D • NTNU/HiA - Competence Building Basic R&D • IFE/SINTEF - Process Development, Applied R&D R&D Networks include USA and EU

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