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1. EAA Boy Scout Aviation Merit Badge Program Classroom
2. FLIGHT FORCES
3. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK)____________ FOUR FORCES of FLIGHT LIFT, GRAVITY, THRUST, DRAG - - History Sir George Cayley, 6th Baronet (12/27/1773 – 12/15/1857) was a prolific English engineer & one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and the 1st person to understand the underlying principles & forces of flight. Sometimes called the "Father of Aviation", in 1799 he set forth the concept of the modern aeroplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, & control. Often known as "the father of Aerodynamics", he was a pioneer of aeronautical engineering. Designer of the 1st successful glider to carry a human being aloft, he discovered & identified the 4 aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, & thrust—which are in effect on any flight vehicle. Modern aeroplane design is based on those discoveries including cambered wings. He is credited with the 1st major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight & he worked over 1/2 a century before the development of powered flight, being acknowledged by the Wright Brothers. He designed the 1st actual model of an aeroplane & also diagrammed the elements of vertical flight.
4. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK)____________ FOUR FORCES of FLIGHT LIFT, GRAVITY, THRUST, DRAG - Label on WORKBOOK
5. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing
6. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing >Parts(LABEL on workbook) Leading edge Trailing edge Camber Chord line
7. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing >Parts(LABEL on workbook) Leading edge Trailing edge Camber Chord line
8. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing >Parts(LABEL on workbook) Angle of Incidence
9. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing >Parts(LABEL on workbook) Washout
10. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing >Parts(LABEL on workbook) Aspect ratio
11. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing >Parts(LABEL on workbook) Aspect ratio
12. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift - - Wing >Parts(LABEL on workbook) Dihedral Angle
13. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom
14. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight Tapered wings have - less roll dampening - increased roll rate - better lateral control are more expensive to build
15. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight
16. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight
17. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift (USE THIS theory on aerodynamic force repeatedly) A fluid flowing past the surface of a body exerts a SURFACE FORCE on it. LIFT is defined to be the component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction. Center of Lift vs Center of Gravity Ctr of lift moves: - frwd at high AOA - & bkwd at low AOA Ctr of lift - Ctr of gravity - The Ctr of lift is located behind the Ctr of gravity -> Tail(horizontal stabilizer)
18. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift (USE THIS theory on aerodynamic force repeatedly) Theory > Daniel Bernoulli's(2/08/1700-3/08/1782) principle(press diff.)
19. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift (USE THIS theory on aerodynamic force repeatedly) Theory > Daniel Bernoulli's(2/08/1700-3/08/1782) principle(press diff.) In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's pontential energy. Bernoulli's principle is named after the Dutch-Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli who published his principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.
20. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift Theory > Daniel Bernoulli's(2/08/1700-3/08/1782) principle(press diff.)
21. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift Theory > Newton's(1/04/1643-3/31/1727) 3rd Law(action > reaction)
22. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift Theory > Newton's(1/04/1643-3/31/1727) 3rd Law(action > reaction)
23. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(WORKBOOK) - Lift Theory > Fan Wing
24. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight 2400 lbs
25. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight
26. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight
27. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight
28. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight ANGLE Of ATTACK
29. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight
30. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight Stall – at 17 deg.s
31. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight Stall – at 17 deg.s
32. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom
33. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom
34. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom
35. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom
36. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight Stall – at 17 deg.s
37. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom
38. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight Stall – Spin(video)
39. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight - Gravity- - an attractive force on all objects on a planetary body - - a natural phenomenon in which objects with mass attract one another. - - Measured - Weight Gravitation is most familiar as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass & causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. Gravitation causes dispersed matter to coalesce, thus accounting for the existence of the Earth, the Sun, & most of the macroscopic objects in the universe. It is responsible for keeping the Earth & the other planets in their orbits around the Sun; for keeping the Moon in its orbit around the Earth; for the formation of tides; for natural convection, by which fluid flow occurs under the influence of a density gradient & gravity; for heating the interiors of forming stars & planets to very high temperatures; & for various other phenomena observed on Earth. Gravitation is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, along with the strong force, electromagnetism & the weak force. Modern physics describes gravitation using the general theory of relativity, in which gravitation is a consequence of the curvature of spacetime which governs the motion of inertial objects. The simpler Newton's law of universal gravitation provides an accurate approximation for most calculations.
40. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(4) - Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's 2nd & 3rd laws. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction the accelerated mass will cause a proportional but opposite force on that system. Newton's First Law (also known as the Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and that an object in uniform motion tends to stay in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force Newton's Second Law states that an applied force, on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum, with time.
41. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(4) - Drag drag (air resistance or fluid resistance) refers to forces that oppose the relative motion of an object through a fluid(liquid or gas). Drag forces act in a direction opposite to the oncoming flow velocity.Unlike other resistive forces such as dry friction, which is nearly independent of velocity, drag forces depend on velocity. For a solid object moving through a fluid, the drag is the component of the net aerodynamic or hydrodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of the movement. The component perpendicular to this direction is considered lift. Therefore drag opposes the motion of the object, & in a powered vehicle it is overcome by thrust. In astrodynamics, & depending on the situation, atmospheric drag can be regarded as an inefficiency requiring expense of additional energy during launch of the space object or as a bonus simplifying return from orbit.
42. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(4) - Drag - Parasitic - is a force, which is defined to be the component of the SURFACE FORCE parallel to the flow direction.
43. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight(4) - Drag - Induced - is the drag created by the vortices at the tip of an AC's wing. Induced drag is the drag due to lift. The high pressure underneath the wing causes the airflow at the tips of the wings to curl around from bottom to top in a circular motion. This results in a trailing vortex. Induced drag increases in direct proportion to increases in the AOA. The circular motion creates a change in the AOA near the wing tip which causes an increase in drag. The greater the AOA up to the critical angle (stall), the greater the amount of lift developed & the greater the induced drag. - Efficient(clean) AC > max. available thrust & minimizes drag (P-51 Mustang - laminar flow wing)
44. Aviation Merit Badge Program - Classroom Forces of Flight Efficient Aircraft Maximizes thrust and minimizes drag