Situational and Psychological Factors Predicting Deception and its Detection: Implications for Non-Cognitive Assessment

1. Situational and Psychological Factors Predicting Deception and its Detection: Implications for Non-Cognitive Assessment Jeff Hancock

2. Some questions about faking • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection?

3. Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production

4. Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations

5. Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations detection

6. 1. Deception production Deception Defined any intentional control of information in a message to create a false belief in the receiver of the message --Burgoon a successful or unsuccessful deliberate attempt, without forewarning, to create in another a belief which the communicator considers to be untrue --Vrij

7. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur?

8. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based

9. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based 1.75 lies identified in a 10 minute exchange Range from 0 lies to 14 lies Self-presentation goal (‘likeable’) increases deception

10. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based

11. Lie-M • type message • rate deceptiveness • of message • message and rating • is sent to our corpus

12. Lie-M • type message • rate deceptiveness • of message • message and rating • is sent to our corpus 6% of all messages were deceptive

13. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based

14. 1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty?

15. 1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era

16. 1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era

17. 1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal

18. 1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal

19. 1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era DePaulo et al (2003) meta-analysis Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal • more tense • higher vocal pitch • fidgeting

20. 1. basic facts, examples, principles How do different media affect lying and honesty? “Electronic mail is a godsend. With e-mail we needn’t worry about so much as a quiver in our voice or a tremor in our pinkie when telling a lie. Email is a first rate deception-enabler.” ~Keyes (2004) The Post-Truth Era DePaulo et al (2003) meta-analysis Three ways to catch a liar nonverbal physiological verbal • more tense • higher vocal pitch • fidgeting eye gaze: unreliable

21. How do different media affect lying and honesty? HIGH Frequency of Lies per Interaction LOW Instant Message FtF Phone Email

22. Nonverbal prediction HIGH Frequency of Lies per Interaction LOW Instant Message FtF Phone Email

23. Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory (DePaulo et al, 1996) Frequency of Lies per Interaction LOW Instant Message < < < Social Distance FtF Phone Email

24. Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory (DePaulo et al, 1996) Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory (Daft & Lengel, 1984; 1986) LOW Instant Message FtF Phone Email

25. Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory (Daft & Lengel, 1984; 1986) LOW Instant Message > > > FtF Phone Email Richness

26. Nonverbal prediction HIGH Social Distance Theory Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory (Daft & Lengel, 1984; 1986) LOW Instant Message > > > FtF Phone Email Richness

27. HIGH Social Distance Theory Frequency of Lies per Interaction Media Richness Theory LOW Instant Message Richness FtF Phone Email Social Distance

28. Feature Based Approach

29. PDA-based journal

30. %of Lies per Interaction Nonverbal prediction Social Distance Theory Media Richness Theory

31. %of Lies per Interaction Nonverbal prediction Social Distance Theory Media Richness Theory 37% 27% 21% Data 14% Instant Message FtF Phone Email

32. * * n * * n * * * %of Lies per Interaction 37% 27% 21% 14% Instant Message FtF Phone Email Features Model Distributed Simultaneity Recordless

33. * * n * * n * * * %of Lies per Interaction 37% 27% 21% 14% Instant Message FtF Phone Email Features Model Distributed Simultaneity Recordless

34. 1. Deception production High levels of self-disclosure and honesty in text-based contexts when interviewed by computer compared to face-to-face: • more symptoms & undesirable behaviors reported (Griest, Klein & VanCura, 1973) • more sexual partners and symptoms reported (Robinson & West, 1992) • more honest, candid answers in pre-clinical psychiatric interviews (Ferriter, 1993) • 20% of telephone callers vs. 50% of email contacts report suicidal feelings (The Scotsman, 1999)

35. 1. Deception production self-disclosure and honesty in mediated contexts Joinson (2001) Private Self-Awareness Self-Disclosure Visual Anonymity Public Self-Awareness

36. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based Why do people lie? • Situational factors • Self-presentation goals

37. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based Why do people lie? • Situational factors • Self-presentation goals NOT MONOTLITHIC

38. 1. Deception production How frequently does lying occur? • retrospective identification • message-by-message identification • diary studies • ground truth based Why do people lie? • Situational factors • Self-presentation goals NOT MONOTLITHIC GOAL TENSIONS

40. Female Male

41. Female Male

42. Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations • self-presentation goals fundamental • self-presentation goals are tension-based • self-presentation goals can be primed

43. Some questions about faking Deception Research • Can people fake when instructed? • What is prevalence of faking? • What is the nature of faking? • Can faking be prevented or reduced? • Can faking be detected? • Can people avoid detection? production motivations detection

44. 2. Detecting deception

45. 2. Detecting deception New, computer-assisted methods • acoustic profiles • Judee Burgoon’s group • pitch profile changes • large effects for energy and f0 features

46. 2. Detecting deception New, computer-assisted methods • acoustic profiles • Judee Burgoon’s group • pitch profile changes • large effects for energy and f0 features • facial features • micro-facial expressions (FACS), Mark Frank

47. 2. Detecting deception New, computer-assisted methods • acoustic profiles • Judee Burgoon’s group • pitch profile changes • large effects for energy and f0 features • facial features • micro-facial expressions (FACS), Mark Frank • linguistic footprints – text-based • fewer 1st person, more 3rd person references • fewer exclusive words • more negative emotion terms • changes in detail level

48. “to not tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth” on two topics. “Maintain the conversation” Sender Receiver Discuss 4 topics

49. “to not tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth” on two topics. “Maintain the conversation” Sender Receiver Discuss 4 topics • transcripts were analyzed with Pennebaker’s • Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program • LIWC analyzes transcripts on a word-by-word basis • and compares words against a dictionary of words • divided into 74 psychologically relevant linguistic • dimensions

50. Word Count