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AUTISM CYMRU

AUTISM CYMRU. By special arrangement with Joe Calzaghe. Paul Shattock University of Sunderland. The Use of Medications in the Treatment of People with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Cardiff City Hall, April 22 nd 2008.

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AUTISM CYMRU

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  1. AUTISM CYMRU By special arrangement with Joe Calzaghe Paul Shattock University of Sunderland The Use of Medications in the Treatment of People with Autism Spectrum Disorders Cardiff City Hall, April 22nd 2008

  2. In order to discuss the role of interventions, including medications and nutritional manipulations it is necessary to have a theoretical model. Such a model must be based on current scientific and clinical observations. Facts are “sacred”. Interpretations will evolve with increased understanding. Our current hypotheses may be wrong but represent a “best fit” based on current knowledge, understanding (and fashion).

  3. The mechanisms described are probably part, but not all, of the story. For example: “opioid peptides” will affect transmission in all the systems of the central nervous system. They will affect the immune system… …..and the gastrointestinal system. The guts, the nervous system and the immune system are derived from the same embryological tissues. Unlike the residents of the this island, they use the same “chemical” language.

  4. This presentation is divided into two parts (separated by light refreshment). Part 1. The development of an overall theoretical model. Part 2. a) How current interventions fit into the overall plan. b) Some possibilities in various stages of development and testing.

  5. Four Pillars For Effective Support 1. Enhancement of Respect and Dignity 2. Biology, underlying forces

  6. Must consider all these elements For example:- The child who lies over the chair all day.

  7. Does anyone know a gastro-enterologist, anywhere in the UK, who will investigate GI problems in people with Autism Spectrum Disorders?

  8. Must consider all these elements For example:- The child who lies over the chair all day. The child who eats the bark from trees. The child who loves salty things, the child who detests or fears the colour orange.

  9. Four Pillars For Effective Support 1. Enhancement of Respect and Dignity 2. Biology, underlying forces 3. Care:- Protection and Encouragement 4. Education The pillars are of no use in isolation. Remove any of the pillars and the edifice collapses.

  10. Baird G., Simonoff E., Pickles A., Chandler S., Loucas T., Meldrum D., Charman A.“Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)”Lancet 368 210-215 (2006) 9-10 year old children in N.E. London Total Prevalence of PDD 116.1 in 10,000equivalent to 1:86 children Estimates of 4:10,000 now 116:10,000. ? Previously missed 97% Suggest ratio of boys:girls now 8:1

  11. ONE in 86 CHILDREN is equivalent to ONE in 50 BOYS Aged 9-10 will include all spectrum (NB This is NOT ADHD, Dyslexia and other NeuroDiverse conditions)

  12. Shattock Paul, Whiteley Paul, Todd Lynda. “Is there an Increasing Incidence of Autism? evidence and possible explanations.” Consensus in Child Neurology (Supplement of Journal of Child Neurology) November 2002 29-34

  13. ONE SIMPLIFIED ROUTE MAP TO AUTISM Numerous Genes act separately or in combination Sulphation Methylation Amino-Acids e.g. Lactase Variety of Symptoms of Autism

  14. Are there any diseases which are either totally genetic or totally environmental in origin? Same Environment – Different Genes

  15. Are children with “ASDs” the same all over the world? If the environmental factors are different, will people with autism be the same as they used to be? Are more children diagnosed now? Have “borders” been extended? Has earlier and more effective intervention had an effect?

  16. Are children with “ASDs” the same all over the world? Bahrain and later onset of Symptoms 10 of 22 children (45%) showed no signs until 20 months – mainly 24 months (probably an underestimate) Koran requires breast feeding to continue until age of 2. Presentational differences: sociability?

  17. Male – Female Ratios For ASDs Usually accepted Figure 3-4 to 1 Recent Figures from UK 7-8 to 1 Data from Iran (In Press JADD) 1 to 1 Lack of male births in Northern Canada Left handedness tripled in UK in 20 yrs

  18. Intestinal Dysbioses John Hunter (Cambridge) Sophie Rosseneu (Royal Free,London) Glen Gibson (Reading) Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and early infancy; Caesarian births Problems with establishment of appropriate bacteria.

  19. What environmental factors may be involved with different individuals? Diet – gluten, casein, corn, soya, GM products, MSG, Aspartame, eggs, beef, avocado, allergenic foods. Natal Issues – ultrasonics, cord cutting, Rhogam, antibiotics, drugs, hypoxia/anoxia, infections vitamin K, folate, alcohol, deficiencies of essential vitamins, minerals. fatty acids. Exposures(especially during term)– pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, bisphenols, mobile phones, heavy metals, immune and endocrine modulators, infections, vaccines. Physical Factors – Head trauma, gut or CNS ops, Mental Stress– exacerbation of all symptoms

  20. ONE SIMPLIFIED ROUTE MAP TO AUTISM Numerous Genes act separately or in combination Sulphation Methylation Amino-Acids e.g. Lactase Many Environmental Triggers varying with Location & History Infection History Vaccinations Pesticides Dietary Status Metals (Heavy and essential) Gut Dysbioses ???????????? Variety of Symptoms of Autism

  21. ONE SIMPLIFIED ROUTE MAP TO AUTISM Numerous Genes act separately or in combination Sulphation Methylation Amino-Acids e.g. Lactase Many Environmental Triggers varying with Location & History Infection History Vaccinations Pesticides Dietary Status Metals (Heavy and essential) Gut Dysbioses ???????????? Opioid Peptides Carbohydrates Other Metabolites Common Final Pathways Neurotransmitters Physical Structures Variety of Symptoms of Autism

  22. Genetic Fragility Environmental Stressors - Cumulative.

  23. Some dietary products that are more common in a maritime diet. Elements – Iodine, Selenium, Zinc Fish Oils containing readily available omega three fatty acids Vitamins from fish – Vitamin A, D and some B group (B12) Human EVOLVED near the sea. Our nutritional requirements assume that we are still there.

  24. What is Beta-Endorphin? A peptide with morphine-like activity which occurs naturally in certain brain areas (endogenous morphine = endorphin) Some reported effects of beta-endorphin 1. Altered Pain Sensitivity - (Antinociceptive Effect) Particularly at times of stress. 2. Altered EEG patterns - involvement with epilepsy 3. Modification of sleep patterns

  25. Some reported effects of beta-endorphin (cont) 4. Effects on Memory and Learning - Reward leading to reinforcement and motivation 5. Decrease in Sociability 6. Involvement in Stereotypy/hyperactivity 7. Modification of Intake of Food and Drink 8. Constipation - “Abnormal” Poo 9. Regulation of Body Temperature There are many other effects. This list is by no means exhaustive

  26. Hypotheses 1. Peptides interfere with neurotransmission in all the major systems of the C.N.S. 2. These peptides are derived from the incomplete digestion of food, principally gluten and casein, in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract. 3. These peptides cross into the bloodstream and can enter the C.N.S. to exert their effects.

  27. What are these biologically active compounds? PEPTIDES PROTEINS are made up of very long chains of AMINO-ACIDS. During digestion, proteins are broken down into short chains called PEPTIDES. Typically, peptides contain 2-8 amino-acids, but may be much larger (e.g. beta-endorphin) Leu-ENKEPHALIN (A naturally occurring neuropeptide) Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu Beta-CASOMORPHIN Human Tyr-Pro-Phe-Val-Glu-Pro-Ile Bovine Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile

  28. These Peptides will affect transmission in the C.N.S. and may therefore affect:- Perception (Vision, Hearing, Taste, etc) Cognition Behaviours (e.g. Stereotypies) Mood Emotions C.N.S. development (pruning of CNS) (Immune System) (Gastro Intestinal Tract)

  29. THE TIMES – Monday 21st April, 2008 Prof Jeremy Nicholson – IC in “Nature”“Metabolic profiling can tell us how specific aspects of a person’s diet and how much they drink are contributing to risks for certain diseases and these are things that we can’t investigate by looking at a person’s DNA.” “They call such studies Metabolomics.” “It seems we have been performing metabolomic studies for almost 25 years.”

  30. Control urine sample (no IAG present)

  31. Standard urine sample for person with ASD

  32. Beta casomorphin 1-7 Problems with casein

  33. Urine profile: Male (born 1986), ASD Behavioural regression following MMR vaccine

  34. FIRST DEGREE RELATIVES Mother 16/35 46 Father 13/34 42 Siblings 13/23 56 Number with 20min peak Percentage with 20min peak

  35. trans – indolyl-3-acryloylglycine IAG

  36. Anderson RJ, Bendell DJ, Garnett I, Groundwater PW, Lough WJ, Mills MI, Savery D, Shattock PEG.“Identification of Indoly-3-Acryloyl Glycine in the urine of people with autism.”Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 54 (2) 295-298 (2002)

  37. Alcorn A., Berney T., Bretherton K., Mills M., Savery D., Shattock P. “Urinary Compounds in Autism” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 48 (Part 3) 274-278 (March 2004)

  38. CAVEAT……… Wright B et al. (Feb 25th 2005)Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 47 (3) 190-192.“Is the presence of urinary indolyl-3-acryloyl glycine associated with autism spectrum disorders?” No! (but…………)

  39. Sulphation Problems in ASDs? Circumstantial Evidence:Families with Migraines? Baby jaundice? Rheumatoid Arthritis? Other “sulphate” related issues. P. SULPHATE PARACETAMOL P. GLUCURONIDE ONE HOUR after PARACETAMOL determine ratio of Paracetamol sulphate ------------------------------ Paracetamol glucuronide

  40. WARING, R.H., NGONG, J., KLOVRZA, L. University of Birmingham, School of Biochemistry, UK MEAN RATIO OF SULPHATE / GLUCURONIDE AUTISM 0.87 +/- 0.67 (n = 46) CONTROL 2.09 +/- 0.65 (n = 46) p < 0.005 PLASMA SULPHATE LEVELS AUTISM 1.51 +/- 2.75 (n = 14) CONTROL 8.30 +/- 5.40 (n = 14) p < 0.001

  41. Alberti A., Pirone P., Elia M., Waring R., Romano C. “A sulphation deficit in autistic children: a pilot study.” Biological Psychiatry 8 420-424 (1999)

  42. Sulphur Metabolism in Autism Waring & Klovrza (2000) Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 10, pp25-32 Results: Autism (n=232) Controls (n=68) Age 7.6 ± 2.4 8.5 ± 3.7 Sulphite 106.9 ± 162.9* 2.1 ± 6.3 Sulphate 6819.0 ± 6712.3* 3030.8 ± 1461.0 Protein 103.2 + 89.9* 64.5 + 27.5 Thiosulphate 130.8 + 148.1* 18.6 + 25.0 Thiocyanate 6.4 + 16.9* 44.0 + 101.0 Anion excretion in nmol/ml. Mean+ SD* p<0.001 (Wilcoxon rank sum test)

  43. Effects of lack of sulphating ability:- 1. Neurotransmitters not removed from system; 2. Toxic substances not removed from system - OP pesticides? Metals? Bile pigments; Phenolics. 3. Mucus lining of GI tract becomes patchy -increases permeability of intestines; 4. GAGs of GI wall less sulphated - increases permeability of intestinal wall; 5. Loss of activity of certain hormones (CCK and Gastrin?) and resulting malabsorptions; 6. Easing of access for Yeasts.

  44. A B GUT GUT BLOOD BLOOD BRAIN BRAIN C D GUT GUT BLOOD BLOOD BRAIN BRAIN GUT PERMEABILITY ? GUT PERMEABILITY ? BLOOD-BRAIN- BARRIER PERMEABILITY ?

  45. One, highly controversial, example where a relationship between a genetically determined fragility and environmental factors is suggested but not proven or disproven. Possible relationship between MMR vaccination and some regressive ASDs Other environmental suboptimalities such as giving the vaccine to a child who is already sick (viral infections including chicken pox (varicella). Role of Mercury?

  46. If you are in need of a good laugh…… Google my name on the internet. Each General Practice receives almost £8,000 each year for reaching targets for MMR vaccination. Who has the vested interest? Normally one is only paid for doing something one would not do anyway. I DO NOT believe that GPs only vaccinate for the money but are there any other products for which similar systems apply? 1. It seems I had my “snout in the trough” during the MMR case. I hereby declare my vested interest in that over eight year period I received in total (according to newspaper reports) £8,000. Much of this was expenses (travel etc). Most of my work was not charged for.

  47. IF (as current research indicates) ASDs are occurring at a rate of 1 in 86 births and the UK parents are telling the truth – 6.7% of ASDs are triggered by MMR: ONE BRITISH CHILD IN 1,280 WILL BE RENDERED AUTISTIC BY MMR VACCINE IF the US parents are telling the truth and 50% of ASDs are triggered by MMR: ONE American child in 200 will be rendered “autistic” by MMR vaccination. ONE AMERICAN BOY IN 140 WILL BE “AUTISTIC” BY MMR VACCINATION

  48. Some clinical signs that may correlate with vaccine involvement in causation of autism. 1. Unusual sociability and friendliness. 2. Development of unusual thirst. 3. Abnormal Gait - flat-footed, padding; - wide gait; toe walking. 4. Development of bowel problems - constipation and diarrhoea. It is recognised that all of the above occur in many children with autism but the cluster of symptoms may be characteristic of this sub-group.

  49. MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY

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