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Wales- Cymru

Wales- Cymru. Identity and nationalism. Wales (2)-Modern Period. Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness. 1936-the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine). Wales- Cymru. After survival- growth. Wales-Cymru.

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Wales- Cymru

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  1. Wales- Cymru Identity and nationalism

  2. Wales (2)-Modern Period • Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness. • 1936-the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).

  3. Wales- Cymru After survival- growth

  4. Wales-Cymru • 1536 Act of Union • 1546 First printed book in Welsh. • 1567 Translation of Prayer Book and New Testament into Welsh. • 1588: Translation of the whole Bible into Welsh- its influence.

  5. William Morgan and translation of Bible into Welsh

  6. Wales -Modern Period • 1707 Edward Lhuyd’s Archaeologia Britannica. Beginnings of Celtic Studies. • Mid 18th century- the beginnings of Welsh non-conformity. Howel Harris. Rejection of Anglicanism. • 1737-61: the circulating schools of Griffith Jones • 1743 The Methodist Association in Wales

  7. Welsh Chapels

  8. Wales • Beginnings of industrialisation in Wales 1757. • Iron works, • coal-mining, • tin works. • Dowlais, • Merthyr Tudful,

  9. Collier and pit-pony

  10. Wales -Modern Period • Beginnings of industrialization in Wales: • The first iron-works in 1757 in Hirwaun, south Wales. • The centre of Welsh culture and history shifts to the south-east, the iron works and then the coal industry.

  11. Wales (2)-Modern Period • Wales had by then (late 18th century and 19th century) become a non-conformist Protestant nation, largely Welsh-speaking (only) and for most of the population living in an industrialized environment (after 1860).

  12. The Methodist Revival • Key names: Howell Harris, Daniel Rowlands and the most prominent: William Williams Pantycelyn. (often just called Pantycelyn). • Methodism in Wales was a break with Anglicanism (not officially until the early 19th century). It was an evangelical form of Protestantism inspired by the works of Calvin.

  13. The Methodist Revival • Pantycelyn was a great writer of religious poems (we would call them hymns) still popular today. • Another great eighteenth century Welsh religious writer was Ann Griffiths (1776-1805), who died shortly after childbirth at the early age of 29. • Following her death her hymns were written down by her maid’s husband. They are love-songs, full of vividimages and meatphors, reflecting a deep knowledge of the Bible and the beliefs of the Non-conformists (all the non-Anglican versions of Protestantism).

  14. The Methodist Revival • By the nineteenth century, Welsh Nonconformity was no longer a radical force in religious terms, but rathera social force and institution that dominated Welsh all aspects of Welsh culture. • Religious leaders were now the leaders of society in Wales and they disapproved of the older folk culture of Wales.

  15. Rediscovering roots: Iolo Morgannwg • Iolo Morgannwg (1747-1826) was a prolific poet and keen promoter of ancient Welsh history. • He claimed to have ‘discovered’ many poems by the 14th century poet Dafydd ap Gwilym in local manuscripts but they were many invented. • He felt that Glamorganshire, his placeplace, deserved a rich literary history, and so he partly invented it!

  16. Wales -Modern Period • First census in Wales 1801- population of Wales 587,000. • Separation of Welsh Methodists from the Church of England (Anglicans). • Merthyr Riots 1831. Beginnings of unionisation. • Rebecca Riots 1839-44.

  17. Wales (2)-Modern Period • 1865- a contingent of Welsh people leave for Patagonia in Argentina, founding the still existing and thriving Welsh settlements in South America. • 1872 –The University of Wales opens (in Aberystwyth).

  18. University of Wales, Aberystwyth

  19. CYMRU/WALES (4)

  20. Wales -Modern Period • 1886- the Cymru Fydd movement is founded. • 1898-the foundation of the South Wales Miners’ Federation. The ‘FED’. • 1916-Lloyd George becomes first Welsh prime-minister of the UK. • 1925 Plaid Cymru is founded. The National Party of Wales.

  21. Wales -Modern Period • Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness. • 1936-the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).

  22. Wales -Modern Period • Saunders Lewis”s Fate of the Language” radio lecture in 1962. • 1962- the formation of the Welsh Language Society (non-violent pressure group, civil disobedience).

  23. The Trefechan Bridge Protest1963

  24. Wales -Modern Period • Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns: • Road signs in Welsh. • The creation of a Welsh-language television channel. • http://cymdeithas.org/english/

  25. Tryweryn- 1963-5

  26. Gwynfor Evans

  27. Wales -Modern Period • 1964-Creation of the Welsh Office, and James Griffiths appointed first Secretary of State for Wales. • 1967-first Welsh Language Act.(‘equal status’in law-courts) • 1973-Kilbrandon Commission recommends creation of regional parliament for Wales.

  28. Wales -Modern Period • Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns: • Road signs in Welsh. • The creation of a Welsh-language television channel.

  29. Wales -Modern Period • 1979- first referendum on Welsh parliament (assembly). • 1982-Welsh-language television channel (S4C) set up. • 1988- creation of the Welsh language board as a consultative body.

  30. Wales -Modern Period • 1991- census reveals increase in numbers of those able to speak Wales. • 1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed. • 1999 – Welsh National Assembly opens in Cardiff. • 2011- Appointment of first Language Commissioner

  31. Second referendum • In July 1997, the British Government published a White Paper, A Voice for Wales, which outlined proposals for devolution in Wales. • A referendum was held on 18 September 1997. It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate voted.

  32. The National Assembly for Wales • The establishment of the national Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales. • Wales remains part of the UK. • New powers.

  33. Welsh Assembly (in Cardiff)

  34. Y Senedd

  35. National Assembly for Wales

  36. The National Assembly for Wales • The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales. • Wales remains part of the UK. • New powers. • http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home.htm

  37. Wales -Modern Period • 1991- census reveals increase in numbers of those able to speak Wales. How? • 1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993

  38. The 1993 Language Act • 'in the course of public business and the administration of justice, so far as is reasonably practicable, the Welsh and English languages are to be treated on the basis of equality.' • Basically the Act did three things: • set up the Welsh Language Board, answerable to the Secretary of State for Wales, with the duty of promoting the use of Welsh and ensuring compliance with the other provisions. • gave Welsh speakers the right to speak Welsh in court proceedings • obliged all organisations in the public sector providing services to the public in Wales to treat Welsh and English on an equal basis

  39. New Language Act 2011 • LCO (Legislative Competence Order) • Proposed new measure on the Welsh Language had been expected by summer 2010. • http://www.assemblywales.org/lco-ld7372-e.pdf

  40. Second referendum • In July 1997, the British Government published a White Paper, A Voice for Wales, which outlined proposals for devolution in Wales. • A referendum was held on 18 September 1997. It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate voted.

  41. Y Senedd

  42. National Assembly for Wales

  43. The National Assembly for Wales • The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales. • Wales remains part of the UK. • New powers. • http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home.htm

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