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Notes on Genetics

Ch. 12. Notes on Genetics. Notes: Genetics. Mendel - The “Father of Genetics” - Used peas in experiments. - Peas are, in nature, self pollinators -Mendel was able to control the pollination by covering the flowers and removing the pollen grains. Pollen Grains. Pistil. Family Pedigree.

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Notes on Genetics

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  1. Ch. 12 Notes on Genetics

  2. Notes: Genetics • Mendel- The “Father of Genetics” -Used peas in experiments. -Peas are, in nature, self pollinators -Mendel was able to control the pollination by covering the flowers and removing the pollen grains.

  3. Pollen Grains Pistil

  4. Family Pedigree • Shows certain genetic traits passed down.

  5. P Generation- The parents in a pedigree.F1 Generation- Offspring from the parents, (1st generation)F2 Generation- Offspring from 2, F1 parents, (2nd generation).

  6. 1st (TOP) line is the ______ Generation 3rd line is the ______ Generation. 2nd line is the _______Generation.

  7. Punnett Square • Punnett Square- A chart that shows the possible genotypes of a cross. *The female goes across the top, male goes down the side.

  8. Gametes • Gametes = Sex Cells =sperm / egg

  9. Haploid= (Half)=(1N) • *In Humans 1(23) = 23 • *Half the normal number of chromosomes. • *Find it only in gametes. • Diploid=(Full set)=(2N) • *In Humans 2(23) = 46 • *Full number of chromosomes • *Found in body cells

  10. Genotype -The actual letters for a trait. Ex. BB, Hh, kk • Phenotype -The physical appearance of a trait. Ex. Blue, Curly, Tall

  11. Ex: Which is the genotype? A- White rabbit B- WW

  12. Heterozygous -Hybrid -means “different”, use a Hh (one is capital, one is lower case) • Homozygous -Purebred -means “same”, use HH or hh (Both are capital, or both are lower case.)

  13. Liger-hybrid example

  14. Purebred example-Arabian horse

  15. Allele -Used to describe the letters in a genotype. Ex. 2 alleles-BB • There are 2 alleles for every trait, “one comes from mom and one comes from dad”.

  16. Human Chromosomes • Humans have 46 chromosomes, organized in 23 pairs.

  17. The first 22 pairs are called AUTOSOMES. • The last pair, #23, are called the SEX CHROMOSOMES. *In males it is XY and in females it is XX.

  18. When female gametes form: XX Diploid ( beginning cell) X (egg) *** (3 polar bodies) *Haploid cells form and only give X’s to the offspring.

  19. When male gametes form: XY Diploid (beginning cell) X Y Haploid *Haploid cells give either X or Y to the offspring.

  20. Genes on the Sex Chromosomes • The genes found on the sex chromosomes are called SEX-LINKED. • Ex. Baldness in men

  21. Usually with sex linked disorders, the males express/show the disorder and the females are the carriers.

  22. Example: Colorblindness -Sex linked trait -Missing certain pigments in eyes to decipher certain colors. -Most common kind is red/green colorblindness -Affects 8% males and 1% females

  23. Last, but not least… • Dominant traits are written as ______ Capital letters, always written first if paired with a recessive allele. BB, Rr • Recessive traits are written as ______ Lower case letters, always written second with the dominant allele. tt

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