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Metallic Biomaterials

Metallic Biomaterials. Crystal Lattice Structures. Body-Centered Cubic. Face-Centered Cubic. Hexagonal Closed-Packed. Source : W. G. Moffatt, et al., The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, 1976. Crystals. Grain Boundary. Grain or Crystalline Structure.

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Metallic Biomaterials

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  1. Metallic Biomaterials CHEE 340

  2. Crystal Lattice Structures Body-Centered Cubic Face-Centered Cubic Hexagonal Closed-Packed Source: W. G. Moffatt, et al., The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, 1976. CHEE 340

  3. Crystals Grain Boundary Grain or Crystalline Structure Grain Formation CHEE 340

  4. Product Manufacture • There are 4 main methods of metal product manufacture : • machining • melt casting • forging • hot isostatic pressing CHEE 340

  5. Influence of Manufacturing Process Casting Defect Polished-etched view of a cast ASTM F75 femoral hip stem. Note dendrites and large grains In vivo fracture initiated from an inclusion formed during the casting process From : H. Alexander et al., Chapter 2, Biomaterials Science, BD Ratner et al., Academic Press, 1996. CHEE 340

  6. Design Considerations • typically want to match mechanical properties of tissue with mechanical properties of metal • have to consider how the metal may fail in vivo • corrosion • wear • fatigue • need to consider cost CHEE 340

  7. Mechanical Properties CHEE 340

  8. Corrosion • The extra-cellular environment is a chemically aggressive space. • Metallic biomaterials are good conductors in an electrolyte solution, leading to galvanic corrosion. CHEE 340

  9. Mechanisms of Corrosion • Pitting Corrosion • Fretting Corrosion • Crevice Corrosion CHEE 340

  10. Mechanisms of Corrosion • Intergranular Corrosion Stress Corrosion Cracking CHEE 340

  11. Mechanisms of Corrosion From : S.H. Teoh, International Journal of Fatigue 22 (2000) 825–837 CHEE 340

  12. Wear • The effects of wear are most predominant in joint prostheses. • There are two types of wear : • Interfacial Wear • Fatigue Wear CHEE 340

  13. Fatigue • Recall that fatigue is progressive failure of a material due to the application of cyclical stresses below the ultimate stress of the material causing crack propagation. • Crack usually starts at a stress concentrator or stress riser. • Methods for reducing fatigue failure : CHEE 340

  14. Fatigue CHEE 340

  15. Metallic Biomaterials • There are 3 main groups of metals used as biomaterials: • stainless steels • Co-based alloys • titanium-based alloys CHEE 340

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