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CSI 2010 Impact Evaluation Addendum. Webinar May 22, 2012. Introduction. Scope: Additional analyses to the 2010 CSI Impacts Report Not meant to stand alone Includes SGIP and CSI systems
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CSI 2010 Impact Evaluation Addendum WebinarMay 22, 2012
Introduction • Scope: Additional analyses to the 2010 CSI Impacts Report • Not meant to stand alone • Includes SGIP and CSI systems • Section 5: PV Performance over Time. This section quantifies the effects of ownership, incentive type, and module material on PV performance over time using two different methods. This section also provides estimates of PV degradation for each of those groupings. • Section 7: Analysis of Interval Billing Data. This section uses interval billing data for CSI customers in PG&E territory to expand and revisit the interval billing analysis previously included in Section 7.2 of the 2010 CSI Impact Evaluation.
Logistics • Everyone but the presenters will be muted • If you have a question please type it in at the question box; will address these appropriately at the end of each section • At the end of the presentation there will be a brief Q&A if time allows • A recording of this webinar and the slides will be available afterwards
Terminology • EPBB – Estimated Performance Buy Back; CSI up front incentive based on estimated system performance • PBI – Performance Based Incentive; Payment per kWh produced for five years for CSI systems • SGIP – Self Generation Incentive Program; incentives were based on installed capacity • TPO – Third Party Owner; can be either lease or PPA
PV Performance Over Time • Objective is quantify the effects of • Ownership, • Incentive type, and • Material type on PV system performance over time • Builds on trend analysis in the 2010 Impacts Report with more sophisticated and in-depth analysis
What is Degradation • System Degradation: refers tooverall change in system performance over time. This definition explicitly includes all factors that may lead to reduction in system performance over time. The definition includes the traditional ‘degradation’ that is largely due to module degradation but adds such factors as • Soiling, • Maintenance, • System availability, • Fire, theft, etc. • Equipment Degradation: refers to change in system performance with minimization of the affects of soiling and system outages. This is intended to be much closer to the definition of ‘PV degradation’ found in many other studies.
An Extreme Case of Soiling • There are many factors that affect system performance beyond module degradation
Methods • Day Substitution for System Degradation. Weather normalization is accomplished by substituting sunny and cloudy days such that solar resource variability is removed and annual percentage changes in system performance can be calculated. • Linear Regression • System Degradation. Weather normalization is accomplished by using monthly irradiance and temperature as independent variables in the regression analysis. We use the regression model to estimate the effects of ownership, incentive, and PV technology on degradation. • Equipment Degradation. In this analysis we further filter the data used by the system degradation model to minimize the affects of soiling and system availability.
Data Preparation & Merging • PV Performance Data – Processed metered data • Panel & System characteristics –PowerClerk (CSI) and SGIP tracking data • Exclude tracking systems • Plane of Array (POA) Irradiance from • Solar Anywhere (Clean Power Research) Global Horizontal & Direct Normal estimated from solar geometry & cloud cover • Panel azimuth & tilt and Perez sky model • Rainfall and Temperature from CIMIS • Only used for regression
Steps in Day Substitution • Develop Statewide Monthly Reference Solar Resource • Weather Normalization via Day Substitution • Calculate Performance Changes • Estimate accuracy of performance change results
Reference Solar Resource - Statewide • Median of all actual values for individual systems
Weather Normalization via Day Substitution • Example of actual May 2009 data for a CCSE PV system
Example Site-Specific System Degradation Rates • Average Year1 to Year 2 change: -2.8% • Many site-specific results deviate substantially from average
Example Site-Specific DataJuly Daily CF for Year 1 & Year 2 • Site-specific change: -39%
Example Site-Specific DataJuly Daily CF for Year 2 • Apparent temporary outage reduced CF approximately 50%
Average Annual System Degradation Rates using Day Substitution • Difference from zero significant for 2 groups • EPBB-TPO & SGIP-Host • Difference between groups significant in 2 cases • EPBB-TPO degrade faster than EPBB-Host • EPBB-TPO degrade faster than PBI-TPO
Key Findings • Many site-specific results deviate substantially from averages • Substantial quantities of data are required to produce accurate estimates of important differences • Example: 90% confidence that EPBB-Host degradation rate is 0.X% (±10%) faster than EPBB-TPO degradation rate • Caution is needed when comparing these averages to other references that are not subject to the same types of confounding factors • Module warranties • Controlled studies • Results of Day Substitution and Regression analyses are aligned • Differences between the results are not significantly different when several years of data are available
Data Filtering • System Degradation • POA 700 – 1300 W/m2 • 0 ≤CFInterval ≤ 1.15 • Explicitly includes outages and potentially soiled panels • Equipment Degradation • POA 700 – 1300 W/m2 • 0< CFInterval ≤ 1.15; total outages excluded • 7 Days or less since 0.2” of rain in a day • Intent is to minimize effects of outages (system availability) and soiling
Data By Incentive Type and Age • Majority of CSI data is for systems less than two years old • 3 years is often held as the recommended bare minimum of data for degradation studies
Monthly Mean Capacity Factors During High Sun • Only metered systems with 12 months or more of data • Age based on time from estimated date of operation
Regression Model • Due to the presence of serial correlation, our analysis used an autoregressive error model in the AUTOREG procedure in SAS software to correct for the correlated errors. • Dependent variable is monthly capacity factor • Independent variables are the parameters of interest or expected influence • CFmonthly = a1+a2+……a38
Parameter Estimates from System Level Regression (these are monthly) • Before Autocorrelation Adjustment, Durbin-Watson = 0.56 • Post Autocorrelation Adjustment • Durbin-Watson =1.996 • R2 = 0.65 • ‘Base’ is SGIP, Host Owned, Polycrystalline • PBI and TPO have positive affects
Calculating Annual Change from Parameter Estimates • Model has a mix of incentive types, ownership types, and module technologies • Annual rates of change for each grouping is a mix of incentive, ownership, and module technology age effects for example; • EPPB participants that are host owned with thin film technology; • DegRate EPBB-Host-ThinFilm = 0.000637 * (EPPBB = 1) + -0.001443 * (ThinFilmPVTech = 1) Or: DegRate EPBB-Host-ThinFilm = a33 + a28 • EPBB Host degradation rates are a mix of different technologies age affects, so EPBB Host rate is weighted by the proportion of each module type
Average Annual System Degradation Rates using Linear Regression • Statistically Significant Differences; • PBI > EPBB > SGIP • TPO has a positive effect • Crystalline modules appear more stable than thin film or hybrid
Data Availability after filtering for Equipment Degradation • Panels likely to see soiling late summer/early fall • Including only ‘clean’ panels; 7 Days or less since 0.2” of rain in a day • Excluding full outages
Average Annual Equipment Degradation Rates using Linear Regression • EPBB now appears better than PBI (not significantly) • TPO still has a significant positive effect • Hybrid modules appear to perform worse than others using these filters
System Degradation Method Comparison • Methods don’t necessarily agree but they don’t disagree
Key Findings • Overall rates vary for the regression approach from • +0.71% (for PBI TPO systemsThird Party Ownership is beneficial for long term performance • -2.12% for SGIP host owned systems • These are somewhat higher than usually referenced as degradation (~0.%~1%) but since they encompass soiling & availability that is to be expected • Extrapolation beyond the time frame of available data could be troublesome • Third party ownership appears to slow degradation in a statistically significant way for this sample • Incentive Results at the system level; • PBI systems showed minimal degradation (~0.03% improvement in fact) • EPBB systems showed a change of ~-1 %/year • SGIP systems showed a change of ~-2%/year • Crystalline modules appear to degrade more slowly over time then thin film or hybrid • May be highly influenced by first year non linear drop for thin films • Future analysis should allow a much finer and accurate assessment and care should be taken when extrapolating beyond the period of available data. Additionally, future years should allow the EPBB sample to be drawn from a truly random sample.
Interval Data Analysis • Hourly profile for a bill with net exports:
Interval Data Analysis, cont. • Hourly profile for a bill without net export:
Value of Interval Data • On their own, interval data can show: • Likelihood of export • Grid usage • Amount PV export • Combined with generation data, interval data can also show: • PV usage • Share of PV exported • PV as share of total usage
Interval Data Sites Interval and PV Generation Data Interval Data Only
