Imperialism

1. Imperialism The United States Becomes a World Power

2. What should I know by the end of this unit? • Dollar diplomacy • Spain • Philippines • TR • George Dewey • “Splendid Little War” • Hawaii • Open Door Policy • Concession • Anti-imperialists • Hearst • Jingoism • McKinley • USS Maine • Rough Riders • Platt Amendment • Spheres of influence • Panama Canal • De Lome • Imperialism • Nationalism • Annex • Cuba • San Juan Hill • Treaty of Paris • China • Roosevelt Corollary • Great White Fleet

3. What is Imperialism? • “What do nations care about the cost of war, if by spending a few hundred millions in steel and gunpowder they can gain a thousand millions in diamonds and cocoa?” – W.E.B. Du Bois • “America…goes not abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all.” – John Quincy Adams Think-Pair-Share

4. IMPERIALISM is the policy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas;

5. Why Does Imperialism Grow? • 1. Economic Factors • Growth of industry = need for natural resources • Need place to sell goods • 2. Nationalist Factors • Nationalism = devotion to one’s nation • 3. Military Factors • Advances in Military technology • Military required bases around the world • 4. Humanitarian Factors • Religious goals & “Westernize” including law and medicine

6. What’s Up With That? • Why would the strong U.S. want to create an empire in small, weak areas?

8. Preserving the American Spirit • Some feared the U.S. was losing power • The quest for empire would restore the nation’s faith • Justifications • Darwinism • Christianity • Manifest Destiny • “civilizing the uncivilized”

9. What’s Up With That? • What does it mean to “civilize the uncivilized?”

10. Imperialism Activity • Get into groups of 5 • Your group is a nation, name it! • (don’t name it after an already-existing nation) • On your handout, draw a flag to represent your nation & write your nation’s name. This should take 5 minutes Wait for further instructions

11. Imperialism Activity Cont. • From now on, no one but the Premier may use the post its or the marker • Form a line with everyone in your country. • The premier leader should be at the front of the line (with the marker and post-its) followed by everyone else in the country. Hook arms so that everyone in the country, including the premier leader is in a line with hooked arms. Stay in a line, not a circle. This should take a maximum 2 minutes

12. Imperialism Activity Mission • You are an imperialist nation. There are other nations that are competing against youfor some desirable territories. It is your mission to annex the most land. Once the music starts, your country may move around the room and “claim territory.” • To claim territory, the premier leader must draw your country’s flag on a post-it. Detach the post-it, and pass it through his/her country until it reaches the last person. The last person may then stick the post-it on whatever territory your country is claiming. • The Premier leader MAY NOT “pre-draw” flags on post-its. He/She may only draw one flag at a time, when the county decides to what territory it is claiming. • Your country and its citizens must stay hooked! If any arms become unhooked, those people are no longer part of the country. • Territory OFF LIMITS: • Anything on teachers desk • You may claim cabinets, but not the individual contents in the cabinets • Once the music stops, you must stop claiming territory! Find a group of desks for your country to sit and work together.

13. Exit Slip (aka You Cannot Leave the Room Until You Turn This Paper In!) • Reflect on the activity • What was difficult? Why? • How does the activity relate to imperialism? Throw away your Post-it Notes!!!

14. Which countries are represented in this picture?

15. The Spanish-American War April 1898 – August 1898

16. Click on the newspaper for a video!

17. Where, Oh Where, to Expand? • The U.S. looked to three main areas • Latin America • Islands of the Pacific • China • Conflicts already existed between Latin America & Spain • Spain was an “Old World” power & claimed territories in Latin America.

18. The Cuban Rebellion • Cuba was a colony of Spain • Sugarcane plantations generated tons of wealth for Spain • 1868 – Cuban rebels declared independence and launched a guerrilla war against Spanish authorities, but failed by 1878 • Americans wanted to intervene • Already linked economically through trade

19. Let’s Travel Back in Time • Do you remember the Monroe Doctrine? • What did it say? • Declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that said the U.S. would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere • What does this mean for the U.S., Spain, and Cuba?

20. McKinley • William McKinley became president in 1897 • Wanted to remain neutral in Cuban/Spanish conflict • This means he did not want to go to war • Hoped Spain & Cuba would negotiate

21. McKinley cont. • Spain offered Cubans autonomy, the right to their own government, but only if Cuba agreed to remain part of the Spanish empire • Cubans refused because they wanted complete independence • McKinley worried that American citizens in Cuba would be harmed if the Spanish attacked • sent USS Maine to Havana in case of evacuation • Congress put $50million toward war preparations • McKinley would not declare war

22. de Lome • Spanish Ambassador • Wrote letter to “His Excellency Don Jose Canalejas” • Described what was going on in Cuba

23. de Lome Disses McKinley • “McKinley is weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.” • Yo, McKinley is so WEAK! He just wants to be popular. The guy shouldn’t even be the President! He is such a people pleaser. Dude will do anything to get a vote.

24. Prelude to War • February 15, 1898 – USS Maine is docked in Havana, Cuba • The ship explodes • Malfunction or act of the Spanish? • Still a conspiracy • 266/354 officers and sailors on board were killed • Americans blamed Spanish

25. Yellow Journalism • de Lome’s letter was intercepted and published in William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal (remember the first slide of the newspaper?) • Newspapers wrote dramatic stories about Spain to make the Spanish look bad • This sensationalist and exaggerated reporting, in which writers would make up stories to attract readers, was known as yellow journalism. Does this remind you of media today?

26. You’re Such a Jingo! • Jingoism was an attitude of aggressive nationalism • They were furious at McKinley for not declaring war • TR, who was Asst. Secretary of the Navy, was outraged at McKinley and said McKinley had “no more backbone than a chocolate éclair.” Basically, Jingoes fueled the fire for war

27. Journalism Activity • Create a 1-2 minute news report to convince the class that they should pressure the U.S. president to get involved in a war with Spain & Cuba. • Use “yellow journalism” to sway your audience • You should create the front page of a newspaper to headline the events • Work in groups of 4 • Writer (write the script for the reporter) • Reporter (deliver the speech to the class) • Artist (draw/design the front page of the newspaper) • Artist reporter (explain how the paper exemplifies yellow journalism) • Even though each member has their own role, all members should assist each other

28. Declaration of War • April 11, 1898 – McKinley authorized the use of force to end the conflict in Cuba • April 19 – Congress declared Cuba independent from Spain & demanded Spain withdraw from Cuba • April 24 – Spain declared war on the U.S. • For the first time, since the Civil War, the U.S. was at war

29. What does this picture represent? Answer: The uniting of the Union & Confederate soldiers for the Spanish-American War

30. Brief Timeline of Events • 1st action was actually in the Philippines • Admiral George Dewey (click for video) launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships, destroying Spain’s entire fleet • 1st Volunteer Cavalry, aka the Rough Riders, prepared to invade Cuba • Led by TR • July 1, 1898 – TR led RR in a charge up San Juan Hill • Most famous battle of Spanish-American War • July 3 – Spanish desperately attempt to escape Santiago • U.S. Navy sank every Spanish ship • What U.S. holiday is celebrated the next day?

31. Treaty of Paris • Signed in December 1898 • Spanish government recognized Cuba’s independence • Gave up the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam • Is Puerto Rico independent today? http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/1F59368F-023A-46B6-81FA-881342A909B2

32. Platt Amendment • In 1900, Cuba begins drafting their Constitution • U.S. government insisted that the Cubans include provisions outlined in the Platt Amendment • Cuban gov. could not enter foreign agreements • Must allow U.S. to establish 2 naval bases • Guantanamo Bay • Give U.S. right to intervene when necessary • Remained in force until 1934

33. What’s Up With That? • Why would the U.S. push the Platt Amendment onto the Cubans? Does this seem like independence?

34. Gains in the Pacific • Hawaii was becoming important to the U.S. • Trade treaty – sugar • Leased Pearl Harbor to U.S. as fueling and repair station for naval vessels • Liliuokalani ascended to the throne as Queen • Opposed U.S. control of the islands • Marines & pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole removed Lili from power and McKinley annexed Hawaii in 1898

35. Imperialism Primary Sources

36. Jigsaw Activity 2 Anti-Imperialists Platform 1 White Man’s Burden de Lome Letter The Strenuous Life 4 3