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Review Chapter 12. Fundamental Flight Maneuvers. Straight and Level Turns Climbs Descents. Turns. The horizontal component of lift. Load Factor and Turns The relationship between angle of bank , load factor, and stall speed is the same for all airplanes. Turns.
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Fundamental Flight Maneuvers • Straight and Level • Turns • Climbs • Descents
Turns • The horizontal component of lift. • Load Factor and Turns • The relationship between angle of bank , load factor, and stall speed is the same for all airplanes
Turns • Banking - increases stall speed • To increase the rate of turn and at the same time decrease the radius - increase bank and decrease speed • To maintain altitude - increase angle of attack
Four Aerodynamic Forces • Lift • Thrust • Drag • Weight • When are they in equilibrium?
Lift • Perpendicular to the relative wind • Induced drag is a by-product of lift • In theory if the angle of attack and other factors remain constant double the speed - four times the lift
Controlling Lift • Increase airspeed • Change the angle of attack • Change the shape of the airfoil • Change the total area of the wings
Bernoulli’s Principle • As the velocity of a fluid increase, its internal pressure decreases • High pressure under the wing and lower pressure above the wing’s surface
Angle of Attack • Directly controls the distribution of pressure acting on a wing. By changing the angle of attack, you can control the airplane’s lift, airspeed and drag.
Angle of Attack • Angle of attack at which a wing stalls remains constant regardless of weight, dynamic pressure, bank angle or pitch attitude.
Stalls • Stall speed is not a fixed value • Stall speed is affected by weight, load factor and power • Frost can cause a wing to stall at a lower than normal angle of attack
Flaps • Plain • Split • Slotted • Fowler
Ground Effect • Within one wingspan of the ground • An airplane leaving ground effect will experience an increase in what kind of drag? • Induced
Drag • What kind of drags rate of increase is proportional to the square of the airspeed? • Parasite Drag • What kinds of drag make up parasite Drag
Drag • Form • Interference • Skin Friction
Load Factor • Ratio between the lift generated by the wings at any given time divided by the total weight of the airplane.
Load Factor • A heavily loaded plane stalls at a higher speed than a lightly loaded airplane. • It needs a higher angle of attack to generate required lift at any given speed than when lightly loaded.
Aircraft Stability • Achieved by locating the center of gravity slightly ahead of the center of lift • Need a tail down force on the elevator
Aircraft Stability • In light planes, recovery from a spin may be difficult with a rearward CG • Longitudinal stability involves motion about the lateral axis and is controlled by the elevator
Density Altitude • High • Hot • Humid
Surface Winds • Headwind or tailwind component • a 10 knot headwind might improve performance by 10% • a 10 knot tailwind might degrade performance by 40%
Performance Charts • Experience Test Pilots • Factory new Airplanes • Repeated Tests using Best Results • Format -Table -Graphic
Cruise Charts • Range is the distance an airplane can travel with a given amount of fuel • Endurance is the length of time the airplane can remain in the air
Cruise Charts • Maximum range is at L/Dmax or best glide speed • Maximum endurance is about 76% or best glide speed • Generally close to stall speed
Excessive Weight • Higher takeoff speed • Longer takeoff run • Reduced rate and angle of climb • Lower maximum altitude
Excessive Weight • Shorter range and endurance • Reduced cruise speed and maneuverability • Higher stall speed • Higher landing speed and longer landing roll
Forward CG Effects • Higher takeoff speed and ground roll • Reduced rate and angle of climb • Lower maximum altitude • Reduced maneuverability
Forward CG Effects • Higher stalling speed • Reduction in performance caused by increased tail-down loading • Reduced pitch authority
Beyond Aft CG Effects • Decreased stability and increased susceptibility to over control • Increased risk of stalls and spins of which recovery may be difficult or impossible
Weight Shift Computations Weight of Cargo Moved Distance CG moves Airplane weight = Distance Between Arm locations