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Toxicology and Poisonous Plants

Toxicology and Poisonous Plants. Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine Dr. Randy Ackman. Ethylene Glycol. Ethylene glycol Antifreeze and some snowglobes .5ml/lb = toxicity Sweet smelling and tasting Seasonal Spring Fall Toxic compound Glycolic acid (glycolate) Oxalate and oxalic acid

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Toxicology and Poisonous Plants

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  1. Toxicology and Poisonous Plants Small Animal and Caged Bird Medicine Dr. Randy Ackman

  2. Ethylene Glycol • Ethylene glycol • Antifreeze and some snowglobes • .5ml/lb = toxicity • Sweet smelling and tasting • Seasonal • Spring • Fall • Toxic compound • Glycolic acid (glycolate) • Oxalate and oxalic acid • Combines with calcium • Renal tubular damage http://www.cfainc.org/articles/antifreeze.html

  3. Antifreeze • Clinical signs • Initially first 24 hours • Intoxication • First hours 1-3 • Vomiting • Ataxia • Knuckling • PU/PD • Dehydration • Depression http://antizol.info/egpoisono.htm

  4. Antifreeze • Diagnosis • Ethylene glycol in serum • Calcium oxalate crystals in urine • 3-5 hours after ingestion • High osmolar gap • Hypocalcemia • Azotemia • BUN elevated • Creatinine elevated • Isothenuria • 1.008-1.012 SG http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Torres/

  5. Antifreeze • Clinical signs • Second Phase • Renal failure (acute) • Anuria • Depression • Encephalopathy • Coma • Death http://www.parkvets.com/images/fittingcat-lg.jpg

  6. Antifreeze • Treatment • Must be started early • Emetics • Activated charcoal • Fluid therapy • 4-MP • 4 methylpyrazole • Ethanol • Everclear http://www.sierraantifreeze.com/

  7. Anticoagulant Rodenticides Warfarin Brodifacum http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/dcon.jpg http://www.westernranchsupply.com/blowup.php3?item_id=5504 Bromadiolone Diphacinone http://www.medpest.com/ro1.htm http://www.doyourownpestcontrol.com/contracbulk.jpg

  8. Anticoagulant Rodenticides • Anticoagulants • Inhibit vitamin K synthesis of prothrombin • Older baits • Warfarin • Newer genertions • Longer lasting • Weeks • Brodifacoum • Diphacinone • Bromadiolone http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Harrell/

  9. Anticoagulants http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/vitamink.gif

  10. Anticoagulant Rodenticide • Clinical signs • Lethargy • Respiratory distress • Dyspnea • Petechiae • Ecchymosis • Internal hemorrhage • Abdomen • Thorax http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/10200.htm

  11. Anticoagulant Rodenticide • Diagnosis • Hx of exposure • Compatible signs • Extended prothrombin time (PT) • Response to therapy • Therapy • Vitamin K • Injectable and oral • Oxygen • Blood transfusion • Prevent pulmonary edema http://www.whvc.co.uk/images/animals/dogtyping.jpg

  12. Acetaminophen • Acetaminophen (Tylenol) • Cats more susceptible • Lack glucoronyl transferase • 1+ ES could be fatal • Hemoglobin oxidized to methemoglobin http://www.manekineko.us/catalog/images/product/tylenol_caplets_325_enlarge.jpg

  13. Acetaminophen • Clinical signs • Hemolysis • Icterus • Anemia • Hemoglobinuria • Cyanosis • Edema • Face • Heinz bodies • Treatment • N-acetylcysteine • Supportive • Methylene Blue • Vitamin C http://www.vetinfo.com/cptoxic.html

  14. Zinc Toxicity • Zinc • 1983 pennies (96% zinc) • Ingested • Clinical signs • Depression • Hemolytic anemia • Abdominal discomfort • V/D • Red urine • Icterus http://www.econedlink.org/lessons/em179/images/penny.jpg

  15. Zinc Toxicity • Diagnosis • Radiographs • Elevated pancreatic and hepatic enzymes • Anemia • Serum Zn levels • Therapy • Remove source • Fluids +/- transfusion • Chelation • EDTA http://www.vh.org/pediatric/provider/pediatrics/Endoscopic/Stomach/coin.html

  16. Chocolate • Chocolate • Contain methylxanthines • Theobromine • Caffeine • Theoophylline • Factors affected level of toxicity • Type of chocolate • Amount consumed http://mc.clintock.com/first_floor/kitchen/cabinet_beside_refrigerator/upper_cabinet/bakers_chocolate.jpg

  17. Chocolate • Theobromine • Calculate amount ingested • Symptoms • Develop in 6-8 hours • Sudden death • Cardiac related • Vomiting • Thirst • Diarrhea • Restlessness • Muscle twitches http://www.nsac.ns.ca/envsci/staff/jhoyle/students/cs276gp3/page3.htm

  18. Chocolate http://www.uoguelph.ca/~cardiol/26.JPG http://www.uoguelph.ca/~cardiol/30.JPG • Symptoms cont • Seizures • Tachycardia • Arrhythmias

  19. Therapy Stabilize patient Diazepam for seizures Monitor ECG for arrhythmia Liodocaine for PVC Treat tachycardia Metoprolol Treat bradycardia Atropine Avoid corticosteroids Delay elimiantion Therapy Gastric lavage Activated Charcoal Wrapped candy? Control vomiting Metoclopramide Intravenous fluids Enhance renal excretion Acid Base balance Monitor pancreatic enzymes Chocolate

  20. Organophosphate • Organophosphate (OP) Carbamates • Usual use as pesticides • Various strengths and formulations • Malathion • Anticholinesterase insecticides • Ingestion • Dermal contact • Dips • sprays http://www.hilltopfeed.net/Qstore/uploads/fly_bait3.jpg

  21. Organophosphate • Organophospate • Blocks bring down of acetylcholine • Results in prolonged acetylcholine effect at synapse • Parasympathetic • Post ganglion neurons • SLUD • Salivation • Lacrimation • Urination • Defecation http://www.hosppract.com/issues/1998/11/stahl.htm

  22. Organophosphate • Organophosphate • Clinical signs • Muscle fasciculations • Constricted pupils • Depression • Bronchoconstriction • Pulmonary congestion • Pulmonary edema • Death • Diagnosis • History • SLUD • Response to therapy • Cholinesterase levels http://www.hosppract.com/issues/1998/11/stahl.htm

  23. Organophosphates (OP) • Treatment • Supportive • Remove agent • Oxygen • Fluids • Atropine • IV • May require additional doses • Is it working? • 2-PAM • Pralidoxime • Begin early in treatment http://www.buyemp.com/emp_prod/assets/product_images/454hnew.jpg http://compasnac.com/vetus/atroject_sa.jpg

  24. AZALEA - Rhododendron species • Toxin • Andromedotoxins (grayanotoxins) • Clinical signs • Salivation • Burning sensation (mouth) • Emesis • Diarrhea • Bradycardia AV block • Death • Treatment • Atropine • Supportive http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/pprhodo.htm

  25. FOXGLOVE - Digitalis purpurea • Toxin • Cardiac glycosides • Digitalis • Positive inotrope • Clinical signs • Cardiac arrhythmia • Heart block • Abdominal pain • Diarrhea • Death • Therapy • Supportive • Arrhythmia therapy http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides/2058lg.jpg

  26. MARIJUANA - Cannabis sativa • Toxin • Tetrahydrocanibinol (THC) • Clinical signs • CNS Depression • Muscle tremors • Hyperexcitability • Vomiting • Salivation • Diarrhea • Therapy • Supportive (high only few hours) • Supportive • Doritos and Twinkies (kidding) http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides/1507lg.jpg

  27. LILY Lilium species • Toxin • Unknown • Clinical signs • Anorexia • Depression • Vomiting • Anuria • Renal failure • Therapy • Fluid diuresis http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides00/slides2/lil2big.jpg

  28. PHILODENDRON - Philodendron species • Toxin • Aroids • Oxalates • Clinical signs • Mouth irritation • Tongue irritation • Vomiting • Severe • Renal failure • Therapy • Supportive • Analgesics • Fluids http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides/2035lg.jpg

  29. DUMBCANE - Dieffenbachia sequine or picta • Toxin • Oxalates • Clinical signs • Mouth irritation • Tongue irritation • Vomiting • Severe • Renal failure • Therapy • Supportive • Analgesics • Fluids http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides/2057lg.jpg

  30. ONION - Allium cepa & canadense • Toxin • N-propyl disulphide • Clinical signs • Pale mm • Weak pulse • Heinz body formation • Anemia • Weak • Therapy • May require transfusion • Supportive http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides/1087lg.jpg http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Tarigo/

  31. POINSETTIA - Euphorbia pulcherrima* • Not toxic • Clinical signs • Stomach upset • Therapy • None indicated http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides00/slides2/euph2big.jpg

  32. RHUBARB - Rheum rhaponticum • Toxin • Oxalates • Clinical signs • Anorexia • Depression • Anuria • Renal failure • Therapy • Supportive • Diuresis http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides00/slides2/rhm1big.jpg

  33. YEW, JAPANESE YEW - Taxus species • Toxin • Taxine alkaloids • Clinical Signs • Arrhythmia • Death • Trembling • Muscle weakness • Dyspnea • Therapy • Supportive • Anti- arrhythmics • Detoxify • Atropine http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/plants/slides00/slides2/tax2big.jpg

  34. Catnip - Nepeta cataria • Not toxic • Cats • Ingest • Short “buzz” or high • Playful • Goofy • In numerous toys http://www.agron.iastate.edu/~weeds/Ag317-99/id/WeedID/catnip.html

  35. Febreze • Urban Legend • NOT TOXIC http://vetmedicine.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=vetmedicine&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homemadesimple.com%2Ffebreze%2Fpets.shtml

  36. Therapeutic agents http://www.jeffersequine.com/ssc/products.asp?CID=1&dept_id=519&Area=&browselist=457&c=21 http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/2000/HydrogenPeroxide/home.htm

  37. Therapeutics • Good website for plants • http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/poison/index.html http://www.thexton.com.au/product_images/large/OPT-OH001.jpg

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