A New Nation

1. A New Nation Mrs. Ingram

2. Starter Answer these on a scrap sheet of paper: 1) Who are your top 5 presidents (i.e. the best ones) 2) What are the qualities of a leader?

3. George Washington 1st President chosen by Electoral College Reluctant to accept the offer Inaugurated (sworn in) on April 30, 1787 Precedents: Adds the words “so help me God” to the oath Called “Mr. President” Served two terms Neutrality

4. Washington’s Cabinet- another precedent! Vice President: John Adams Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox

5. Alexander Hamilton’s Plan Needed to pay off debts and stabilize economy Pay off debts and interest Create national currency and bank Impose whiskey tax and tariffs Federal gov assumes state debts

6. Establishing the Courts The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a federal system of courts.

7. Domestic Problems No money!!!! Washington and Congress taxed whiskey and “luxury items” Whiskey farmers hated it and began to rebel

8. Whiskey Rebellion Congress lowered the taxes The “Whiskey Boys” however began tar and feathering tax collectors Washington sent 13,000 troops to put down the rebellion It worked!!

9. Problems with Native Americans • Washington also faced domestic problems regarding Native Americans in the Northwest Territory. • The British were supplying NAs with weapons and they were attacking settlers. • At the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Washington’s federal troops defeated the Native Americans, opening the region up for settlement.

10. The French Revolution In 1789, the French people rebelled against the French king Inspired by the American Revolution, the French people wanted “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” Americans were split on helping France The French began executing the king, queen and many other French leaders Americans were horrified Jefferson wanted to help Adams did not, fearing this kind of terror could spread to the US Washington chose to remain neutral

11. Foreign Treaties • Washington was more likely to sign treaties with other countries rather than involve the U.S. in foreign affairs. • During his presidency, two treaties were signed– Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty. • Jay’s Treaty Great Britain would give up forts on U.S. soil; the U.S. would pay back pre-war debts owed. • Pinckney’s Treaty Spain would be granted a northern border to Florida; the U.S. would have access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

12. Washington’s Farewell Address Warned against two things: A nation split between political parties (“political factions”) Cautioned the U.S. to remain neutral in issues of foreign policy (“foreign entanglements”)

13. Ranking Washington “First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen” Numerous memorials Consistently ranked among top Presidents (with Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt)

14. A Two-Party System Emerges

15. XYZ Affair • When the French heard about the Jay Treaty, they felt betrayed. In order to appease tensions between France and the U.S., Adams sent officials to France to negotiate. • The French officials (known as X, Y, and Z) attempted to humiliate the U.S. and demanded $250,000 in bribes. It became known as the XYZ Affair. • The public was divided, and the D-Rs were speaking out against the government for their handling of the incident. • In 1798, Adams reluctantly signed the Alien and Sedition Acts. These acts threatened arrest to immigrants and citizens who spoke publicly or wrote negatively about the Adams administration. • Immigrants generally supported the Democratic-Republicans…

16. VA and KY resolutions • The two D-R leaders, Jefferson and Madison, wrote resolutions on behalf of their home states (VA and KY) that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional. (Virginia and Kentucky resolutions) • They asserted that states had the right to nullify, or void, federal law. Seemingly, this gave the states more power to enact/disallow laws than the federal government. • First major demonstration of states’ rights.

17. Election of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (both D-Rs) tied in electoral votes. The vote went to the House of Representatives. • After many re-votes, Jefferson was able to claim victory. Hamilton had lobbied for Jefferson because he considered him the more ‘honorable’ man over Aaron Burr. • In 1804, the 12th amendment was passed which stated that voting for president and vice-president would be separate. • Aaron Burr would kill Alexander Hamilton in a duel that same year.

18. Recap Today’s Topics • Which of these individuals was NOT a member of Washington’s Cabinet? • Thomas Jefferson • Henry Knox • James Madison • Alexander Hamilton • How did Washington respond to domestic problems? • He mediated an end to the disputes. • He used his position as president to commit federal troops to end the disputes. • He allowed the state governments to handle the problems. • He did nothing. • What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 establish? a) A state court system b) State laws c) Penalties for criminals d) Federal court system

19. Recap Today’s Topics! • How did the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions demonstrate the belief in states’ rights? • It asserted the states’ power to nullify federal laws. • It allowed states to enact their own penalties for violating state laws. • States could no longer have their own constitutions. • States were able to rule on federal court cases. • How did the XYZ Affair impact public opinion? • Distrust in the British grew. • Distrust in the French grew. • The U.S. began to decrease economic support for the British. • The U.S. began to increase economic support for the French. Ticket-out-the-door question: Should Washington be remembered more for his foreign or domestic policy successes? Why?