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Bonding

Bonding. Ch. 8 & 9. Introduction to Bonding. Chemical bond: force that holds 2 atoms together Want to have a noble gas configuration Involves valence electrons. Three major types: Ionic Metallic covalent. Ionic Bonding.

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Bonding

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  1. Bonding Ch. 8 & 9

  2. Introduction to Bonding • Chemical bond:force that holds 2 atoms together • Want to have a noble gas configuration • Involves valence electrons Three major types: Ionic Metallic covalent

  3. Ionic Bonding • Ionic bond: electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together • Cation: positively charged ion • Anion: negatively charged ion • Overall, the cmpd is neutral, so the positive charge must equal the negative charge • Formed by the transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal or polyatomic ion

  4. Ionic: Using Dot Structures Animation of Ionic Bonding

  5. Properties of Ionic Compounds • Forms crystal lattice structure • High melting and boiling points • Hard, rigid, brittle solids • Color may be related to their structure

  6. Properties continued… • Nonconductors of electricity when in the solid state • Conductors of electricity when in the liquid or aqueous (aq) state due to free moving ions • e.g. solid salt vs. salt water (from conductivity lab) • Formation is always exothermic

  7. Some helpful definitions • Electrolyte: ionic cmpd whose aq. solution conducts electricity • Lattice energy: energy required to separate one mole of ions in an ionic compound • Endothermic: energy is absorbed • Exothermic: energy is released • Formula unit: lowest whole # ratio of cations to anions

  8. Metallic Bonding • Metallic bond: attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons • Electron sea model: all metal atoms in a metallic solid contribute their valence electrons to form a “sea” of electrons • Delocalized electrons: electrons that aren’t held by any specific atom and can move easily from one atom to the next

  9. Metallic Bonding: Properties • Form lattice structure in solid state • 8-12 metal atoms around each metal atom • No sharing, gaining, or losing of e- • Explains the properties of metals

  10. Alloys • Alloy: mixture of elements that has metallic properties • interstitial: smaller atom in spaces between larger metal atom • Steel: Fe with C in between • substitutional: atoms of the original solid are replaced by other metal atoms of a similar size • Brass, sterling silver

  11. Covalent Bonding • Sharing of electrons between 2 atoms • Typically between 2 atoms that are already close to a full octet (nonmetals or metalloids) • Do not involve ions!

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