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A Bug’s Life

A Bug’s Life. Entomology. Study of insects Most successful and preponderant taxon Most diverse of taxon Specially beetles: weevils Ants have largest biomass on globe. Phylum Arthropoda = jointed feet Insects, spiders, scorpions, sun spiders, ticks, mites, trilobites.

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A Bug’s Life

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  1. A Bug’s Life

  2. Entomology • Study of insects • Most successful and preponderant taxon • Most diverse of taxon • Specially beetles: weevils • Ants have largest biomass on globe

  3. Phylum Arthropoda = jointed feet Insects, spiders, scorpions, sun spiders, ticks, mites, trilobites Sea spiders, crabs, shrimp, lobsters, amphipods, isopods, millipedes, centipedes Arthropods

  4. Arthropods

  5. Characteristics • Exoskeleton • Chitin • Open circulatory system • Heart, ostia, dorsal blood vessel • Double ganglionated ventral nerve cord

  6. Springtails Silverfish, firebrats Mayflies Dragonflies, damselflies Earwigs Crickets, hoppers, katydids Roaches True bugs Bed bugs Beetles Dung, carrion, etc. Flies Moths, butterflies Fleas Lice Thrips Insects

  7. Relation to ecology • How do insects communicate? • CHEMICALS

  8. Chemicals • 2 types • Pheromones: same species • 2 types • Releasers: elicit immediate response • Primers: modify physiological state • Caste designation in termites • Allomones: different species

  9. Scheme • Scheme similar to symbioses • Sender/receiver • +/+ → synomones • +/- → allomones • -/+ → kairomones • -/- → antimones

  10. Synomones (+/+) : Allomones • Flower odors • Sweet smell • Foul smell

  11. Synomones (+/+) : Pheromones • Sex • Practically every insect • Aggregation • Aposematics • Anti-aggregation • Bark beetles • Trail • ants • Alarm • Ants • Aphids • Social wasps, bees

  12. Defense Allomones (+/-) • TONS of arthropods • Released from glands • Hymenopterans • Roaches • Dung beetles • Aquatic insects • True bugs • Cosmopepla bimaculata • Triatoma spp.

  13. Defense Allomones (+/-) • Stick insects of North Am. • Bombardier beetle • Termites • Caterpillars • osmeteria • Vinegaroon • Millipedes • Anti-aphrodisiac pheromone • Gnats, mussies • Anti-oviposition pheromone • Leave “scent” → don’t oviposit • Egg mimic on plants

  14. Defense Allomones (+/-) • Sequestration • Caterpillars, moths, butterflies • True bugs • Beetles • Reflex-bleeding • Spanish fly

  15. Allomones : Kairomones (-/+) • Release of aphid alarm pheromone • Human sweat → female mussies • Leaf “scent” → oviposition/feeding • Tritrophic Level Interactions • Caterpillar → Leaf→ Parasitoid wasp • Sound cues! • Crickets chirp → Parasitoid flies

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