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Tricks of the traits

D. E. S. Faculty of Science Department of Ecological Science / Animal Ecology. Can climate-induced shifts in soil fauna community composition and subsequent effects on litter decomposition be predicted ?. Tricks of the traits. Matty P. Berg

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Tricks of the traits

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  1. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Can climate-induced shifts in soil fauna community composition and subsequent effects on litter decomposition be predicted? Tricks of the traits Matty P. Berg Tina Astor & Andre Dias (SLU) (VU) Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam University of Groningen

  2. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Road map Why traits? Some definitions and thoughts about traits in general Response-to-effect trait framework Examples that link community response to system effect

  3. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Impact environmental change on ecosystems?

  4. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology General principles in community ecology • Predict shift in species distribution across time and space • Are there general laws? Global environment Strong context dependency due to taxonomic approach ? Species composition Lawton (1999) Oikos versus among others Gaston & Blackburn 1999, Turchin 2001, Simberloff 2004

  5. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Community composition is context depend

  6. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology General principles in community ecology • Predict shift in species distribution across time and space • Are there general laws? ?: Strong context dependency due to taxonomic approach Global environment ? Species composition Niche Lawton (1999) Oikos versus among others Gaston & Blackburn 1999, Turchin 2001, Simberloff 2004

  7. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology General principles in community ecology • Predict shift in species distribution across time and space • There may be general laws using trait approaches !: (dis)assembly rules can be formulated Global environment ! Trait composition Niche Weiher & Keddy (1999) Assembly rules / McGill et al. (2006) TREE

  8. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology The quest for assembly rules Dispersal Environment Limiting similarity Regional species pool Local commuity Trait convergence Trait divergence underdispersion overdispersion spatial scale Weiher & Keddy (2001) Ecological assembly rules / Diaz et al. (1998) J. Veg. Sc./ Violle et al. (2012) TREE

  9. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology General principles in ecosystem ecology • Predict shift in species distribution across time and space Global environment ! !: (dis)assembly rules can be formulated Trait composition Habitat ? ?: species effect rules may be formulated Ecosystem processes DeBello et al. 2010 Biodiv. Conserv. / Lavorel et al. 2013 J. Veg. Science

  10. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Traitdefinitions: knowwhatyou talk about Attributes Categoricaltraits Ecophysiologicaltraits Nominaltraits Features Demographictraits ‘Hard’ traits Performance traits Life historytraits Characteristics Behavioraltraits Phenotypictraits Traits Functionaltraits Properties Response traits Effect traits Charactertraits Ecologicaltraits ‘Soft’ traits Biologicaltraits Features Morphologicaltraits Phenologicaltraits ‘Hard’ traits Life historytraits Violle et al. (2007). Oikos 116: 882-892

  11. D E S Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Somedefinitions • Trait: any morphological, physiological, phenological or behavioural (mppb) feature measurable on an individualwithout reference to the environment or any other level of organization. • Functionaltrait#: a trait (mppb) which impacts anorganismsfitness indirectly, via its effects on growth, reproduction, survival (withreferencetothe environment!) • Strong point: thisdefinition ‘agrees’ withevolutionarybiology(providescoupling of evolutionary - ecological principles) Violle et al. (2007). Oikos 116: 882-892 / # a more limited definition than used in ecosystem ecology!!

  12. D E S Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Traitselection: thecrucial step in trait-based studies Levels of organization and link between traits Proxies * Performance trait: Direct measure of fitness in terms of - Growth - Repoduction - Survival Violle et al. (2007). Oikos 116: 882-892 (based on Arnold 1983 Am. Zool. 23)

  13. D E S Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Ifyouthinkaboutyourown research…. Which trait(s) would you select? Trait from database or measured: the last!

  14. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Respons-to-Effect traitframeworks Environmental change Response trait Response trait Trophic 2 Trophic 1 Effect trait Effect trait Ecosystem process

  15. D E S response traits effect traits Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Basic ideabehind R-to-E traitframework Stressor (?) Community response to stress Community effect on processes Ecosystem function (?) Environment organisms Ecosystem process Lavorel & Garnier 2002 Funct. Ecol. / Suding et al. 2008 Gl. Change Biol. / Violle et al. 2005 Oikos

  16. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology How to construct & analyse R-to-E traitframeworks Environmental change Response trait Response trait Trophic 2 Trophic 1 Effect trait Effect trait Ecosystem process Lavorel et al. (2013). Journal Vegetation Science 24: 942-948

  17. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Step 1: identifystressand response traits Environmental change 1 Response trait Trophic 1 Effect trait Ecosystem process Lavorel et al. (2013). Journal Vegetation Science 24: 942-948

  18. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Step 2: identifytrophiceffectsand response traits Environmental change Response trait Response trait Trophic 1 Trophic 2 2 Effect trait Ecosystem process Suding et al. (2008). Global Change Biology 14: 1-16 / Lavorel et al. (2013). J Veg Science

  19. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Step 3: identify effect traitsthatdetermineprocess Environmental change Response trait Response trait Trophic 2 Trophic 1 Effect trait Effect trait 3 Ecosystem process Lavorel et al. (2013). Journal Vegetation Science 24: 942-948

  20. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Step 4: analyse linkages response and effect traits Environmental change Response trait Response trait Trophic 2 Trophic 1 Effect trait Effect trait Ecosystem process Lavorel et al. (2013). Journal Vegetation Science 24: 942-948

  21. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Step 5: structuralequationmodelling Lavorel et al. (2013). Journal Vegetation Science 24: 942-948

  22. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Constructingframeworkhelpstoidentifyknowledgegaps Stress? Response trait Response trait ? ? Effect trait Effect trait Process?

  23. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Linkage between response and effect traits • Distinction between response and effect traits • Different shapes = response group • Different grey tones = effect groups A: complete overlap (direct effect!) B: partly overlap (resilience!) C: no overlap (random) Suding et al. (2008). Global Change Biology 14: 1-16

  24. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Soil – Macrodetritivores - Decomposition Can we predict environmental change effects on ecosystemprocesses? Community response inferredfromfunctionaltraits Effect community based on effect traits: decomposition Analyse coupling R/E traits within a trophic group

  25. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology 1. Snails, soilacidification & decomposition • Soil Ca content affect snails(Gomot et al. 1989; Ireland 1991) • Dispersal limitation: adapt or filtered out (Berg et al. 2010) • Key traits: shell size, reproduction, niche • Database: Snails Western Europe (Falkner et al. 2001) • all observed species • Litter consumption measurements • range of species

  26. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Calculating Community Weighted Mean trait score Community 1 AbundanceRelativeTrait Product abundance (size) Species A 120 0.60 3.5 2.10 Species B 50 0.25 1.5 0.38 Species C 25 0.13 4.0 0.52 Species D 50.03 1.0 0.03 Total 2001.00Σ 3.03 Makkonen et al. (2011). Soil Biology Biochemistry 43: 377-384

  27. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology 2. Isopods, soilmoisture & decomposition • Increase extreme precipitation events • Soil moisture affect isopodcommunities (Zimmer 2004, David & Handa 2010) • Dispersal limitation: adapt or filtered out (Berg et al. 2010) • Key traits: desiccation & inundation resistance • Measurements standardized conditions • all Dutch isopod species • 15°C / 85% RH • mass loss (= water loss) rate over time • fatal water loss • survival time

  28. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Interspecificvariation in desiccationresistance Fatal water loss (proportion) Desiccation resistance (hr) Water loss rate (mg mg-1 hr-1) Surfacearea (mm2) L. oceanica O. asellus A. vulgare P. spinicornis P. scaber T. rathkii A. opacum E. caelatum A. pictum P. muscorum L. hypnorum P. conspersum A. pulchellum A. album A. dentiger P. hoffmannseggi T. pusillus H. danicus M. patiencei T. sarsi T. albidus M. leydigi STED Dias et al. 2013 Oecologia

  29. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Soilmoisture filters species bytrait DR * ** F-test (1,24) = 6.8, P = 0.015 Log10 (1 + water lossrate) Dry Moist Wet Relativefrequency of species occurrency at givenmoisture level Simple regression (n.s.) Regression when weighting traits by relative frequency Dias et al. 2013 Oecologia / Field data: Vilisics et al. 2005 Contributions to Soil Zoology in Central Europe Moore & de Ruiter 1991 Agriculture Ecosystems Environment 34: 371-397 / erg et al. 2001 Oikos 94: 130-142

  30. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Trade-off dessication & inundation resistance r = -0.75 P < 0.001 Desiccation resistance (hr) Inundation resistance (hr) Inundation resistance (hr) Dias, Bellone & Berg, in prep.

  31. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Conclusions Rebuild community ecology from (functional) traits Soil community assembly - Strong environmental filtering via functional traits Ecosystem functioning - R & E traits seem to be linked - Shift in community trait composition affectslitterdecompositon - Impact global change predicted from trait analyses Global environment Trait approaches Ecosystem processes Community composition McGill et al. 2006 Trends Ecology & Evolution / Violle et al 2012 Trends Ecology & Evolution

  32. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Trait approach: what the future might bring Urgent need for high quality trait data - Standardizedmeasurements / protocols (meta-analyses) - Trait databases Linkagesbetween R and E traits - More tests for other model systems - Whenandunderwhatcircumstances? - Direct or indirect linkages? Increasecomplexity of R-to-E traitframework - Addtrophic level Moretti et al. (2018) Functional Ecology / McGill et al. (2006). Trends Ecology & Evolution

  33. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Trait approach: what the future might bring Environmental change 1 1 Response trait Response trait Plant Detritivore 2 Effect trait Effect trait 2 Litter decomposition Astra Ooms, work in progress

  34. D E S Faculty of Science Department of EcologicalScience / AnimalEcology Take home message • Rebuild community ecology from functional traits Traits measured under standardized conditions can be used to predict soil biota and ecosystem responses to environmental change Acknowledgements Astra Ooms Juan Zuo Hans Cornelissen Martin Zimmer Janne Bengtsson

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