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Covalent Bond Strength

Covalent Bond Strength. Most simply, the strength of a bond is measured by determining how much energy is required to break the bond. This is the bond enthalpy . The bond enthalpy for a Cl — Cl bond, D (Cl — Cl), is measured to be 242 kJ/mol. Average Bond Enthalpies.

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Covalent Bond Strength

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  1. Covalent Bond Strength • Most simply, the strength of a bond is measured by determining how much energy is required to break the bond. • This is the bond enthalpy. • The bond enthalpy for a Cl—Cl bond, D(Cl—Cl), is measured to be 242 kJ/mol.

  2. Average Bond Enthalpies • This table lists the average bond enthalpies for many different types of bonds. • Average bond enthalpies are positive, because bond breaking is an endothermic process.

  3. Average Bond Enthalpies NOTE: These are average bond enthalpies, not absolute bond enthalpies; the C—H bonds in methane, CH4, will be a bit different than the C—H bond in chloroform, CHCl3.

  4. Enthalpies of Reaction • Yet another way to estimate H for a reaction is to compare the bond enthalpies of bonds broken to the bond enthalpies of the new bonds formed. • In other words, • Hrxn = (bond enthalpies of bonds broken)  • (bond enthalpies of bonds formed)

  5. Enthalpies of Reaction CH4(g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g) In this example, one C—H bond and one Cl—Cl bond are broken; one C—Cl and one H—Cl bond are formed.

  6. Enthalpies of Reaction So, Hrxn = [D(C—H) + D(Cl—Cl)  [D(C—Cl) + D(H—Cl) = [(413 kJ) + (242 kJ)]  [(328 kJ) + (431 kJ)] = (655 kJ)  (759 kJ) = 104 kJ

  7. Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length • We can also measure an average bond length for different bond types. • As the number of bonds between two atoms increases, the bond length decreases.

  8. Work When a process occurs in an open container, commonly the only work done is a change in volume of a gas pushing on the surroundings (or being pushed on by the surroundings).

  9. Work We can measure the work done by the gas if the reaction is done in a vessel that has been fitted with a piston. w = −PV

  10. Enthalpy • If a process takes place at constant pressure (as the majority of processes we study do) and the only work done is this pressure-volume work, we can account for heat flow during the process by measuring the enthalpy of the system. • Enthalpy is the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume: H = E + PV

  11. Enthalpy • When the system changes at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy, H, is H = (E + PV) • This can be written H = E + PV

  12. Enthalpy • Since E = q + w and w = −PV, we can substitute these into the enthalpy expression: H = E + PV H = (q+w) −w H = q • So, at constant pressure the change in enthalpy is the heat gained or lost.

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