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PHYLUM CHORDATA SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA A SURVEY OF DIVERSITY

PHYLUM CHORDATA SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA A SURVEY OF DIVERSITY. BIO 122: Zoology Part 3 Mammals. CLASS MAMMALIA. Mammals Dermal covering of hair on most internal fertilization & development 4-chambered heart. CLASS MAMMALIA. Additional characteristics:

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PHYLUM CHORDATA SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA A SURVEY OF DIVERSITY

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  1. PHYLUM CHORDATASUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATAA SURVEY OF DIVERSITY BIO 122: Zoology Part 3 Mammals

  2. CLASS MAMMALIA Mammals • Dermal covering of hair on most • internal fertilization & development • 4-chambered heart

  3. CLASS MAMMALIA Additional characteristics: • integument with sweat, scent & mammary glands • diphyodont teeth (milk & permanent) • movable eyelids & fleshy ears • endothermic (heat from own metabolism) • homeothermic (maintain body temperature = warm blooded)

  4. CLASS MAMMALIA Dermal coverings (all have a hair or it's derivative): • Pelage (fur)a) dense & short hair - for insulation (can be shed)b) coarse longer hair - for protection & coloration • Vibrissae (whiskers) - sensory hairs • Nails, claws & hooves - very dense on appendage tips

  5. CLASS MAMMALIA Variation of appendages: • tetrapods terrestrial - 4 legs • aquatic with modified to fins • bats with webbings on front appendages – wings • 2 legs & 2 arms - can walk erect

  6. CLASS MAMMALIA Reproductive patterns: 3 Infraclasses • Monotremesduck-billed platypus & echidnaegg-laying, hatch early & feed off mothers milk • Marsupialskangaroo, opossumshort development in uterus, birth, long lactation • Placentalscat, dog, humanlong development in uterus, birth, short lactation

  7. INFRACLASS ORNITHODELPHIA Monotremes – egg-laying mammals • embryos develop for 10-12 day in uterus • leathery shell is secretes around embryo • eggs hatch in 10-14 days • young obtain milk from mother, but no nipples are present Include:duck-billed platypus, echidnas (spiny anteater)

  8. INFRACLASS ORNITHODELPHIA Duck-billed platypus (l), Echidna (r)

  9. INFRACLASS METATHERIA Marsupials – pouched mammals • the developing embryos do not implant in the uterus • cause development of shallow depressions in uterine wall • absorb nutrients through a vascularized yolk sac • gestation (time in uterus) is short • followed by a prolonged development in a sac where they lactate for a long time

  10. INFRACLASS METATHERIA Marsupials: Numerous animals in this group, including four orders. • opossums (80+ species) – Americas • marsupial mice – Australia & Tasmania • bandicoots – Australia & Tasmania • koalas, wallabies, kangaroos – Australia to East Indies

  11. Virginia opossum …

  12. Tasmanian devil (l) & numbat (r)

  13. Bandicoot …

  14. Koala …

  15. Sugar glider …

  16. Wallaby (l) & Kangaroo (r) • Wallaby is smaller

  17. Red Kangaroo …

  18. INFRACLASS EUTHERIA Placentals - viviparous mammals • embryos do implant in uterus for a prolonged period • a placenta develops for embryo attachment in the uterus • gestation time varies (from 21 days in rabbits to 22 months in elephants)

  19. INFRACLASS EUTHERIA The Placentals have been divided into a number of Orders based on: • Skull and snout shape • Dental formula (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) • Limbs (size & shape) • Number digits on appendages • Claws, nails on appendages

  20. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Shrews and moles • small body • elongate snout • limbs pentadactyl • teeth primitive (not very complex)

  21. Shrews and moles … • Shrews – long tail, visible ears, small feet • Moles – short tail, obscure ears, large front feet

  22. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Bats • Wings with limb bones greatly elongated • claws on only first two digits of front limbs • hind legs pentadactyl • use of echolocation

  23. Bats … Evening bat

  24. Bats … Rafinesque’s Bat (l) Eastern Red Bat (r)

  25. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Primates (lemurs, monkeys & humans) • enlarged cerebral hemispheres • limbs with ball & socket articulation • pentadactyl digits (opposable thumb)

  26. Primates … • Spider monkey

  27. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Edentates (anteaters, armadillos & sloths) • At least some front claws enlarged(for digging or hanging) • teeth reduced (peg-like) or absent

  28. Nine-banded armadillo • Yes, road kill

  29. Three-toed sloth …

  30. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Rabbits & hares • tail short or vestigial • ears medium to large • 4 upper incisors (front teeth for biting)

  31. Rabbits … Cottontail (l) & swamp rabbit (r) - notice ear size

  32. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Rodents (mice, rats, beavers, squirrels) • 2 upper incisors which permanently grow • canine teeth missing

  33. Mice and rats …

  34. Beaver …

  35. Squirrels …

  36. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Carnivores (dogs, wolves, fox, bears, raccoons) • at least four clawed toes on each foot • incisors small, canines large

  37. Gray wolf …

  38. Red fox …

  39. Brown bear …

  40. Cheetah …

  41. Tigers …

  42. Raccoon …

  43. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Elephants • long trunk (proboscis) • ears very large • long incisors (tusks)

  44. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Perissodactyls (horses, zebras, rhinoceros) • foot ending on third digit (hooves) • odd-toed mammals • head elongate • ears moderate & tubular

  45. Horses …

  46. Burchell’s (Plains) Zebra …

  47. Rhinoceros …

  48. ORDERS OF PLACENTALS Artiodacytls (cows, goats, deer, hippos) • Hooves (commonly 2) • even-toed mammals • upper incisors reduced

  49. Cows & goats …

  50. Whitetail deer …

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