Kingdom Animalia ---Phylum Chordata ------Subphylum Vertebrata ---------Class Mammalia

2. Kingdom Animalia---Phylum Chordata------Subphylum Vertebrata---------Class Mammalia • Class Mammalia 1. Hair (some marine mammals have very little)2. Specialized Teeth3. Endothermic 4. Mammary Glands Milk 5. Placenta (most)6. Diaphragm - muscle that aids breathing • Mammary glands- feed young with milk

3. Notochord Dorsal hollownerve cord Musculartail Pharyngealpouches Section 33-1 Chordates have the followingkey features which is A flexiblesupportingstructure

4. Functions of Hair Insulation Camouflage Sensory devices Waterproofing Signaling Defense

5. Fur/hair

6. Mammalian Characteristics Endothermy • Source of body heat is internal. • Heat is produced by a high metabolic rate. Body temperature is regulated by internal feedback mechanisms, fur and subcutaneous fat. Whale blubber

7. Mammals Feeding and Digestion • Daily intake of food is used to generate heat to maintain a constant body temperature.

8. 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Visualizing the Digestive Systems of Mammals

9. 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Trophic Categories (feeding) Insectivores- eat insects - shrews, moles Herbivores- plant eaters - ruminants (pigs, cows, deer) and non-ruminants (rabbits, squirrels) Carnivores- eat herbivores (some bear, dog and cat-like mammals) Omnivores- eat plants and herbivores (bear, raccoons, badgers, coyotes, foxes, opossums)

10. Mammals 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Teeth • Reveal the life habits of a mammal • Carnivores use canines to stab/hold and premolars to slice and shear meat. • Incisors of insectivores are long and curved, functioning as pincers in seizing/biting insect prey. • Molars of herbivores are flattened for grinding/crushing plant material

11. The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing. In herbivores, they are reduced or absent. Chisel-like incisors are used for cutting, gnawing, and grooming. Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad, flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants. CARNIVORE HERBIVORE Jawjoint Jaw joint Horse Wolf

12. Teeth Carnivores tend to have long canines which are used to rip and tear meat, sometimes in a scissors like action.  In addition, carnivores have sharp molars toward the back of the mouth, used to further rip and shred meat.   Carnivores, tend to have binocular vision, where their eyes are at the front of the head, which results in a smaller field of view, but allows for depth perception, needed to catch prey. Herbivores tend to have well-developed flat premolars and molars, often with sharp ridges on the tops. Generally herbivores do not have canine teeth, and their incisors are usually large and used to snip off foliage from branches.  Because herbivores are often prey for other animals, they generally have their eyes on the side of their head, which functions to gibe them a wider field of view, so that they can detect their prey earlier, and have a chance to flee. Omnivores usually have a variety of all kinds of teeth.  Humans, bears and raccoons are omnivores, since they eat all kinds of food (both meat and plant material) they need all kinds of teeth.  Generally omnivores have eyes on the front of their heads like carnivores, in order to best catch their prey.  Label each of the following skulls as herbivore, omnivore, carnivore or insectivore. Label the teeth on each (molars, canines, incisors)

13. 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Excretion • Kidneys excrete or retain the proper amount of water in body fluids. Large intestine connects to rectum to rid the body of solid wastes. • Enables mammals to live in extreme environments Mammals

14. Mammalian Characteristics Respiration- lung breathing • High levels of oxygen are required to maintain a high level of metabolism. • Mammals are the only animals that have a diaphragm. Some aquatic mammals have a blowhole instead of nostrils.

15. 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Battle at krueger Circulation- four chambered heart • Mammals require a consistent supply of nutrients and oxygen to maintain homeostasis (balance). (heart link) • Keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate makes the delivery of nutrients and oxygen more efficient (double loop). • Mammals cool themselves by dilating blood vessels and by panting or sweating.

16. link

17. The Structure of a Bear’s Heart Section 32-1 Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Complete division

18. Panting, sweating link

19. 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics The Brain and Senses • Mammals have highly developed brains. • Cerebral cortex is responsible for coordinating conscious activities, memory, and the ability to learn. • Cerebellum is responsible for balance and coordinating movement. Dolphin link

20. Mammalian Characteristics Complex Behavior Senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch) • The importance of the senses varies from one group of mammals to the next. Glands • A system of glands secretes a variety of fluids that helps to regulate a mammal’s internal environment. (Ex: sweat glands for cooling)

21. Movement • Mammals can be found on all continents They run, swim, fly, dig, jump • Mammals must find food, shelter, and escape from predators. Cheetah video link Bat video link Dolphin link Zebra and lion

22. 30.1 Mammalian Characteristics Reproduction • Development of the embryo takes place in the female uterus. • In mammals, the egg is fertilized internally (rat).

23. Reproduction Placental mammals

25. 30.2 Diversity of Mammals www.enature.com Placental Mammals- develop in uterus of female • Give birth to young that do not need further development within a pouch Shrew • Represented by 18 orders Humpback whale

26. Placental mammals

27. Placental mammals links • Manatees • Ardvark • Jack rabbit, pika • Shrew, mole • Wolves, bear, sea lions • WhalesHoney badger • Beaver, Ground hogs • Hippos, deer, goats • Horses, zebras • Elephants • Liger

28. Mammals Tublidentata- Ardvarks

29. Marsupials Versus Placentals- discussion Kangaroos and humans are both mammals because of the characteristics they share. Still, they display enough different characteristics to result in a kangaroo being classified as a marsupial and a human being classified as a placental mammal. Consider what you know about kangaroos and humans, and then answer the questions that follow. 1. How do the young of kangaroos develop,and how do the adults care for their young? 2. How do humans and kangaroos differ from one another in caring for their young? 3. What characteristic do humans and kangaroos have in common in terms of caring for their young?

30. Order Marsupial • Very short period of development in the uterus • Crawl into a pouch made of skin and hair and continue development while being nourished by milk from the mother’s mammary glands Kangaroo

31. Newborn and 2-week old kangaroos in pouch birth Link

32. kangaroo Marsupials Kangaroo Wombat Koala phalanger Wombat (See DVD) koala opossum

33. Order Monotremata Reproduce by laying eggs link Milk from follicles in the skin Echidna

34. Duck-billed Platypus

35. Mammals Diversity of Mammals Evolution of Mammals

36. Convergent Evolution of Insect-Eating Mammals ChinesePangolin Nine-BandedArmadillo CommonEchidna Giant Anteater Aardvark

37. Mammals Diversity of Mammals Therapsids • A therapsid is an extinct vertebrate with both mammalian and reptilian features. • Pair of holes in the roof of the skull that allowed for the attachment of jaw muscles • Limbs positioned beneath their bodies • Might have been endotherms

38. Therapsid- mammal ancestor

39. Comparison of Skulls of Human Ancestors Large brow ridge Large nose Large canine teeth Face protrudes forward Australopithecus afarensis Homo erectus Round, high skull Weak brow ridge Large brain case Inflated cheeks Largenose Even teeth Strong chin Neanderthal Cro-Magnon Modern Homo sapiens

40. Human and Gorilla Skeletons primates Modern Human Comparing Human and Gorilla Skeletons Modern Human Modern Gorilla Modern Gorilla Skull atopC-shaped spine Spinal cord exitsnear back of skull Arms longer thanlegs; hands touch ground during walking Pelvis is longand narrow Thigh bones angledaway from pelvis Skull atopS-shaped spine Spinal cord exitsat bottom of skull Arms shorter thanlegs; hands do not touch groundduring walking Pelvis is bowl-shaped Thigh bones angledinward, directlybelow body

41. Mammals Chapter 30 Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

42. Mammals Chapter 30 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Name the term that refers to a mammal’s ability to produce heat internally. endoderm endothermy ectoderm ectothermy

43. Mammals amount of time the young drinks its mother’s milk amount of time for the young to mature enough to reproduce Chapter 30 Chapter Diagnostic Questions A mammal’s period of gestation refers to what? amount of time the young stays with its herd amount of time the young stays in the uterus

44. Mammals Chapter 30 30.1 Formative Questions Which characteristics distinguish mammals from other vertebrates? kidneys and a cloaca mammary glands or milk and hair a high metabolic rate and limbs a four-chambered heart and endothermy

45. Mammals Chapter 30 30.1 Formative Questions What is the source of body heat for mammals? hibernation insulation metabolism respiration

46. Mammals Chapter 30 30.1 Formative Questions Which part of the brain is more highly developed in mammals than in other animals? cerebrum hypothalamus medulla optic lobe

47. Mammals Chapter 30 30.1 Formative Questions What is a group of cells that secretes fluid to be used elsewhere in the body? a bladder a duct a gland an organ

48. Mammals Chapter 30 30.2 Formative Questions Which mammals use their two pairs of razor- sharp incisor teeth to gnaw through wood, seed pods, or shells to get food? artiodactyls insectivores lagomorphs rodents

49. Mammals Chapter 30 30.2 Formative Questions Which animals are cetaceans? deer and goats moles and shrews dolphins and whales manatees and dugongs

50. Mammals Chapter 30 30.2 Formative Questions Why did mammals undergo extraordinary adaptations to the environment after the disappearance of dinosaurs? They had new niches available to them. They were able to survive the ice age. They were no longer prey to dinosaurs. They no longer competed with dinosaurs.