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The New Monarchs and the Religious Wars: Spain and Philip II. United Spain. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Sicily and Isabella of Castile united the Kingdom of Spain the 1479 after 10 years of civil war with nobles who opposed it.
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United Spain • The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Sicily and Isabella of Castile united the Kingdom of Spain the 1479 after 10 years of civil war with nobles who opposed it. • Worked to reduce the power of nobles in the court, favored the lesser nobility (hidalgo).
United Spain • Monarchy gained right to make appointments of bishops. • Direct supervision over the judicial system • Direct collection of taxes and other revenues • Religious zeal and the desire to drive the remaining Muslims from Spain. • Establishment and control of the Inquisition.
United Spain – Charles V • Charles V (grandson of F & I) held the throne of Spain (and he overseas territories) and the throne of the HRE. • Reoccurring crises kept Charles involved in the politics of the HRE and away from Spain. • He faced financial difficulties – only saved by New World treasure. • Little changed in Spanish administration, but the New World empire continued to expand.
Absolutism • Political theory that believed in the “Divine Right of Kings” (Monarchs received their authority from God). • Bishop Bossuet established this in Politics Taken From the Very Words of Scripture. Bishop Jacques Bossuet
Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598) • Son of Charles V • Ruled Spanish & Portuguese Empires, Netherlands and Southern Italy. • Strongest military power in the world.
El Escorial • New royal palace/fortress (and monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill, reflected Philip’s religious and military convictions.
The Catholic Crusade • Philip II fanatically seeks to reimpose Catholicism in Europe. • Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands territories. • Fights against Protestant England due to Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch • Takes on Muslim Turks power in the Mediterranean.
Battle of Lepanto • Encouraged by Pope Pius V, Philip used combined Spanish and Italian fleets to fight the Turks. • Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Greece. • Turkish navy severely weakened as result.
The Dutch Revolt • Calvinist Netherlands resented foreign rule by Spain (both on religious, economic, and political grounds). • Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to suppress revolt. 1567-1572 reign of terror killing thousands of rebels. • Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year truce enacted; Defacto Dutch independence formally recognised in Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Duke of Alva
Economic Crisis in Spain • Influx of silver into Spain from the New World caused rampant inflation; when flow stopped in early 1600’s economy suffered. • Philip II entangled Spain in costly international wars. • Tax based depleted through series of plagues.
Revolts against Spain • In the 1640s there were a series of revolts in Catalonia, Portugal, Naples and Sicily. • Catalonian revolt lasted 11 yrs, thwarted by infighting between peasants and nobles. • Portuguese revolt was peaceful; gained independence in 1668. • This period ended Spain as a world power.
War of Spanish Succession • Childless Hapsburg Charles II names Bourbon Philip of Anjou as heir. • England, Holland and HRE oppose French acquisition of Spain & territories.
Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • War ended with Treaty of Utrecht (1713) and Treaty of Baden and Rastatt (with Hapsburgs in 1714) • Philip of Anjou become Philip V of Spain, but he nor his successors could hold French throne. • Hapsburgs and British gained territory, French lost New World lands.
