Warm-Up August 27, 2014

1. Warm-UpAugust 27, 2014 1. What is one reason that their has been an increase in crime laboratories in the United States since the 1960s? 2. What is an expert witness?

2. Objective SWBAT describe the services of a typical crime lab.

3. Agenda • Lab Safety Quiz • Crime Labs • Laws • Case Study & Analysis • Ted Bundy Documentary • Exit Slip

4. Crime Lab History • First police crime lab in the world • France in 1910 by Edmond Locard • First police crime lab in the U.S. • 1923 in Los Angeles • The first FBI crime lab opened in 1932

5. Major Crime Laboratories • FBI • Largest crime lab in the world • DEA • Analyze drugs seized in violation of federal laws • ATF • Analyze alcoholic beverages and documents relating to alcohol and firearm excise tax law enforcement and examine weapons and explosive devices • U.S. Postal Service • Maintains laboratories concerned with criminal investigations related to the postal service

6. Crime Lab—Basic Services • Physical Science Unit • Chemistry • Physics • Geology • Biology Unit • Firearms Unit • Document Examination Unit • Photography Unit

7. Crime Lab—Optional Services • Toxicology Unit • Latent Fingerprint Unit • Polygraph Unit • Voiceprint Analysis Unit • Crime-scene Investigation/Evidence Collection Unit

8. Other Forensic Science Services • Forensic Pathology • Forensic Anthropology • Forensic Entomology • Forensic Psychiatry • Forensic Odontology • Forensic Engineering • Forensic Computer/Digital Analysis

9. Scientific Method(as it pertains to criminalistics) • Observe a problem or questioned evidence and collect objective data. • Consider a hypothesis or possible solution. • Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence. • Determine the significance of the evidence. • Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence

10. Complex Reasoning Skills Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes: • Deductive and Inductive Reasoning • Classifying • Comparing and Contrasting • Problem Solving • Analyzing Perspectives • Constructing Support • Error Analysis

11. Laws that Pertain to the U.S. Criminal Justice System • The U.S. Constitution • Statutory Law • Common Law or Case Law • Civil Law • Criminal Law • Equity Law • Administrative Law

12. The Bill of RightsGives individuals the right: • To be presumed innocent until proven guilty • Not to be searched unreasonably • Not to be arrested without probable cause • Against unreasonable seizure of personal property • Against self-incrimination • To fair questioning by police • To protection from physical harm throughout the justice process • To an attorney • To trial by jury • To know any charges against oneself • To cross-examine prosecution witnesses • To speak and present witnesses • Not to be tried again for the same crime • Against cruel and unusual punishment • To due process • To a speedy trial • Against excessive bail • Against excessive fines • To be treated the same as others, regardless of race, gender, religious preference, country of origin, and other personal attributes

13. Miranda v Arizona • In 1963, Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old mentally disturbed man, was accused of kidnapping and raping an 18-year-old woman in Phoenix, Arizona. He was brought in for questioning, and confessed to the crime. He was not told that he did not have to speak or that he could have a lawyer present. At trial, Miranda's lawyer tried to get the confession thrown out, but the motion was denied. The case went to the Supreme Court in 1966. The Court ruled that the statements made to the police could not be used as evidence, since Mr. Miranda had not been advised of his rights.

14. Miranda Rights The following is a minimal Miranda warning: • You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at the government’s expense.

15. Federal Rules of Evidence In order for evidence to be admissible, it must be: • Probative—actually prove something • Material—address an issue that is relevant to the particular crime

16. Admissibility of Evidence 1923 Frye v. United States • Admissibility is determined by: • generally accepted by the relevant scientific community • No guidance on reliability • Jury decides if it can be used. 1993 Daubert v. Dow Admissibility is determined by: • If theory or technique can be tested • If science has been offered for peer review • If rate of error is acceptable • If the method at issue enjoys widespread acceptance. • If the opinion is relevant to the issue The judge decides if the evidence can be entered into the trial.

17. Facets of Guilt Try to prove: • Means—person had the ability to do the crime • Motive—person had a reason to do the crime(not necessary to prove in a court of law) • Opportunity—person can be placed at the crime

18. Case Study & Analysis • Describe the primary issue of law whose resolution by the court was critical to the state’s case against Dr. Jascalevich. • How did the court ultimately rule on this issue? Describe the main arguments supporting the court’s decision. • Describe the primary scientific issue raised during the trial. What were the defense’s main challenges to the scientific evidence presented by the prosecution?

19. Ted Bundy Documentary 8. What happened that led police to discover who Ted Bundy really was? 9. What evidence was found that linked Ted Bundy to his crimes? 10. How did Ted Bundy escape prison both times? 11. How was Ted Bundy caught the second time? 12. How did Ted postpone his execution?

20. Homework Read Chapter 2, pages 42 – 49. Be sure to complete the online forms and get contracts signed.

21. Exit SlipAugust 27, 2014 1. Get out a mobile device or use one of the computers and go to m.socrative.com. You can also use one of the iPads that has the Socrative app. 2. When prompted, enter 417101for the room number. QUESTION: Confessions, eyewitness accounts, and the evaluation of physical evidence assist police in solving crimes. Which of these is free of inherent error or bias?