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Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are used as replacements for a repeated noun or pronoun in a subordinate clause. TWO SENTENCES: I am looking for my pen . My pen was on the table. REPEATED NOUN TWO CLAUSES: I am looking for my pen, which was on the table.
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Relative pronouns Relative pronouns are used as replacements for a repeated noun or pronoun in a subordinate clause. TWO SENTENCES: I am looking for my pen. My pen was on the table. REPEATED NOUN TWO CLAUSES: I am looking for my pen, which was on the table. MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Both original sentences deal with the same topic, my pen. Join the two sentences with a relative pronoun. The first part of the sentence is called the main clause, the second, containing the relative pronoun, is the subordinate clause. TWO SENTENCES: Je cherche mon stylo. Mon styleétait sur la table. TWO CLAUSES: Je cherche mon style qui était sur la table. To select the correct relative pronoun, determine whether the repeated noun in the sentence to be used as a subordinate clause is the subject (qui) or the direct object (que).
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN QUI Subject of a clause: qui If the repeated noun in the subordinate clause is the subject, it is replaced by qui. Voilà le professeur.Le professeur arrive en ce moment. Voilà le professeur qui arrive en ce moment. SUBJECT VERB Voici un devoir. Le devoir est difficile. Voici un devoir qui est difficile. SUBJECT VERB Je cherche un homme. Il parle chinois. (Il = un homme) Je cherche un homme qui parle chinois. SUBJECT VERB
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN QUE Direct object of a clause: que (qu’) When the repeated noun in the subordinate clause is teh direct object, it is replaced by que (in front of a vowel sound qu’). This word must be moved to teh beginning of the clause while the other words remain in place. 1. Voici une voiture neuve. J’aime cettevoiture. D.O. J’aime que SUBSTITUTION que j’aime. CORRECT ORDER Voici une voiture neuve que j’aime. Here’s a new car that I like. 2. Où est ce livre? J’ai perdu le livre. D.O. J’ai perdu que SUBSTITUTION que j’ai perdu. CORRECT ORDER Où est le livre que j’ai perdu? Where is the book [that] I lost?
If the noun replaced is plural or feminine singular, and a compound tense is being used in the subordinate clause, the past participle must now agree in gender and number with the noun. By placing the direct object que at the head of the subordinate clause, you are creating a PDO. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN QUE 3. J’aime beaucoup la pièce. J’ai vu cette pièce hier soir. J’ai vu que hier soir. que j’ai vue hier soir. 4. Voilà une faute de grammaire. Jean a fait cette faute. Jean a fait que que Jean a faite.
SIMPLIFIED RULE:QUI or QUE? Knowing that a subject is usually in the inital position in a sentence, use qui in the subordinate clause if the repeated noun is first in the sentence; if the repeated noun comes later in the sentence (after the verb), it is probably a direct object, and you may use que). As a mnemonic device, use the following: REPLACING A NOUN:IN THE NEW CLAUSE IT IS: INITIAL WORD: QUI[followed by a VERB] END WORD: QUE [followed by a NOUN or PRONOUN] Thus, when combining the following sentences: Voilà une voiture, Jean a acheté cette voiture. Voiture is the repeated noun, so que is used because it is at the end of the sentence. Voilà la voiture que Jean a achetée.
QUELQUES EXEMPLES Marie est une étudiante sérieuse qui est absente aujourd’hui. La machine que vous cherchez est dans cette boîte. J’ai déjà lu ce roman que vous m’avez prêté. Jean-Paul, qui a l’air hostile, a préparé son exposé. J’ai besoin de l’argent que mon père m’a promis. Les questions que notre prof nous pose sont très difficiles. La pièce que nous allons voire, sera jouée à la Comédie Française.
Merci! Le Pont Neuf French Grammar in Review Fourth Edition par Edward M. Stack