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ICARUS: experience from an existing large scale LAr TPC

D. Gibin Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and INFN Padova For the ICARUS Collaboration. ICARUS: experience from an existing large scale LAr TPC. ICFA 2014 Paris 8-10 January 2013. The ICARUS Collaboration.

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ICARUS: experience from an existing large scale LAr TPC

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  1. D. Gibin Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and INFN Padova For the ICARUS Collaboration ICARUS: experience from an existing large scale LAr TPC ICFA 2014 Paris 8-10 January 2013

  2. The ICARUS Collaboration M. Antonelloa, B. Baibussinovb, P. Benettic, F. Boffellic, A. Bubakk, E. Calligarichc, S. Centrob, A. Cesanaf, K. Cieslikg, D. B. Clineh, A.G. Coccod, A. Dabrowskag, A. Dermenevi, R. Dolfinic, A. Falconec, C. Farneseb, A. Favab, A. Ferrarij, G. Fiorillod, D. Gibinb, S. Gninenkoi, A. Guglielmib, M. Haranczykg, J. Holeczekl, M. Kirsanovi, J. Kisiell, I. Kochanekl, J. Lagodam, S. Manial, A. Menegollic, G. Mengb, C. Montanaric, S. Otwinowskih, P. Picchin, F. Pietropaolob, P. Plonskio, A. Rappoldic, G.L. Rasellic, M. Rossellac, C. Rubbiaa,j,q, P. Salaf, A. Scaramellif, E. Segretoa, F. Sergiampietrip, D. Stefana, R. Sulejm,a, M. Szarskag, M. Terranif, M. Tortic, F. Varaninib, S. Venturab, C. Vignolia, H. Wangh, X. Yangh, A. Zalewskag, A. Zanic, K. Zarembao. a LaboratoriNazionali del Gran Sassodell'INFN, Assergi (AQ), Italy b Dipartimento di Fisicae Astronomia e INFN, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy c Dipartimento di FisicaNucleare e Teorica e INFN, Università di Pavia, Via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy d Dipartimento di ScienzeFisiche, INFN e Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy e Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di L'Aquila, via VetoioLocalitàCoppito, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy f INFN, Sezione di Milano e Politecnico, Via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy g HenrykNiewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland h Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, USA i INR RAS, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia j CERN, CH-1211 Geneve 23, Switzerland k Institute of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland l Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 4 Uniwersyteckast., 40-007 Katowice, Poland m National Centre for Nuclear Research,, 05-400 Otwock/Swierk, Poland n LaboratoriNazionali di Frascati (INFN), Via Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy o Institute of Radioelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska, 00665 Warsaw, Poland p INFN, Sezione di Pisa. Largo B. Pontecorvo, 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy q GSSI, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy

  3. The ICARUS single-phaseT600 LAr-TPC at LNGS laboratory cathode LN2 vessels cryogenics (behind) 1.5m readout electronics T300 T300 E E • Two identical modules • 3.6x3.9x19.6≈ 275 m3 each • Liquid Ar active mass:≈476 t • Drift length= 1.5 m (1 ms) • HV = -75 kV; E = 0.5 kV/cm • v-drift = 1.55 mm/μs • Sampling time 0.4μs (sub-mm resolution in drift direction) • 4 wire chambers: • 2 chambers per module • 3 “non-distructive” readout wire planes per chamber wires at 0,±60° (up to 9 m long) • Charge measurement on collection plane • ≈ 54000 wires, 3 mm pitch and plane spacing • 20+54 8”PMTsfor scintillation light detection: • VUV sensitive (128nm) withTPB wave shifter readoutwirearrays 3 ICFA 2014

  4. The ICARUS T600 detector at LNGS Laboratory • Exposed to CNGS beam up to Dec. 3rd 2012: a 8.6 1019 pot event statistics has been collected with a remarkable detector live-time > 93 %. • In parallel data taking with Cosmics has been conducted to study detector capability for atmospheric , p-decay search (0.73 kty exposure). 2012 2011 • T600 decommissioning @ LNGS is successfully proceeding from June 27th • cryostats empty on July 25th (740 out of 760 tons LAr recovered); detector @ room temperature on September 1st. • TPC chambers, cryogenic plant, read-out electronics, chimneys,... and ancillary systems will be recovered. 2010 ICFA 2014

  5. LAr purity New pump West Cryostat East Cryostat • New Barber Nichols pump successfully tested (Apr – June 2013) allowing to exceedtele > 7ms • tele > 5ms (~60 ppt [O2] eq): maximum charge attenuation of 17% at 1.5m • ele ≈21 ms (≈15 ppt [O2] eq.), achieved on a 120 liters ICARINO prototype. 60 ppt[O2]eq max drift Recirculation LAr pump faults New pump speed increase ICFA 2014

  6. A multi-faceted programme Our future physics oriented programme is characterized by: • Continued analysis of the ≈3000 n events already collected with CNGS2. A main result has been the major clarification of the sterile neutrino search, now concentrated on a small possible window in Dm241,, and compatible with the cosmological prediction for dark matter. More results are also coming. • Overhaul of T600 and construction of a smaller T150 detector “clone” under the CERN approved WA104 experiment in view of a short baseline dual detector experiment. • This new dual detector configuration installed either at CERN or at FNAL short n-baseline beam will definitively clarify the sterile neutrino questions. It will also ensure the bulk of preparatory phase of the LNBE collaboration, accumulating > 106n events for test and analysis purposes as a running premise to LBNE. • Possible long term utilization of T600 as “near detector” of LBNE. ICFA 2014

  7. T600 run at LNGS: first publications • “Underground operation of the ICARUS T600 LAr-TPC: first results”, JINST 6(2011) P07011. • “A search for the analogue to Cherenkov radiation by high energy neutrinos at superluminal speeds in ICARUS”, PLB 711(2012) 270. • “Measurement of neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam”, PLB 713(2012) 17. • “Precision measurementof the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS beam”, JHEP 11 (2012) 049. • “Precise 3D ReconstructionAlgorithm for the ICARUS T600 Liquid Argon Time ProjectionChamber Detector”, AHEP 2013 (2013) 260820. • “Experimental search for the LSND anomaly with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS neutrino beam”, EPJ C73 (2013) 2345. • “Search for anomalies in ne appearance from nm beam”, EPJ C73 (2013) 2599. Analysis of the large amount of physics data becoming progressively the main activity of the CNGS2 collaboration ICFA 2014

  8. A search for LSND effects with ICARUS at CNGS • The CNGS facility delivered an almost pure nm beam in 10-30 GeV En range (beam associated ne ~1%) at a distance L=732 km from target. • There are differences w.r.t. LNSD exp. -L/En~1 m/MeV at LSND, but L/En ≈36.5 m/MeV at CNGS - LSND-like short distance oscill. signal averages to sin2(1.27Dm2new L /E) ~1/2 and <P>nm→ne~ 1/2 sin2(2qnew) • When compared to other long baseline results (MINOS and T2K) ICARUS operates in a L/En region in which contributions from n oscillations are not yet too relevant. • Unique detection properties of LAr-TPC technique allow to identify unambiguously individual e-events with high efficiency. ICFA 2014

  9. Selection of ne events Search for ne events in CNGS beam neMC event • ne CC event candidates are visually selected with vertex inside fiducial volume (for showerid.) :> 5 cm from TPC walls and 50 cm downstream • Energyselection: <30 GeV • 50%reduction on intrinsic beam ne • only 15% signal events rejected • nm CC events identified by L > 250 cm primary track without had. int. • The “Electron signature” requires: • A charged track from primary vertex, m.i.p. on 8 wires, subsequently building up into a shower; very dense sampling: every 0.02 X0 • Isolation (150 mrad) from other ionizing tracks near the vertex in at least one of the TPC views. • Electron efficiency studied with events from a MC (FLUKA) reproducing in every detail the signals from wire planes: h = 0.74 ± 0.05 (h’ = 0.65 ± 0.06 for intrinsic ne beam due to its harder spectrum). ICFA 2014

  10. The new ICARUS results • Experimental pictures of one of the four events with a clear electron signature found in the sample of 1995 n interactions (6.0 1019 pot over the full recorded statistics of 8.6 1019 pot). • In all events the single electron shower is opposite to hadroniccomponent in the transverse plane. • The evolution of the actual dE/dx from a single track to an e.m. shower for the electron shower is shown along the individual wires. • The expected number of e- events from intrinsic νebeam, q13~90 and nm-nt oscillations is then 6.4±0.9 (syst. only). ICFA 2014

  11. e/g separation and p0 reconstruction in ICARUS Mgg: 133.8±4.4(stat)±4(syst) MeV/c2 2 m.i.p. pπo = 912 ± 26 MeV/c 1 m.i.p. mπo = 127 ± 19 MeV/c² θ = 28.0 ± 2.5º p0reconstruction: Ek = 102 ± 10 MeV θ Ek = 685 ± 25 MeV • MC: single electrons (Compton) • MC: e+ e– pairs (g conversions) • data: EM cascades (from p0 decays) Sub-GeV E range Collection 1 m.i.p. 2 m.i.p. MC Unique feature of LAr to distinguish e from g and reconstruct p0  Estimated bkg. from p0 in NC and μCC : negligible (from MC and scanning) ICFA 2014

  12. Exclusion of the low energy MiniBooNE experiment • The ICARUS results exclude the existence of the (otherwise questionable) low energy sterile neutrino peak presented by MiniBooNE both in the neutrino and antineutrino channels. This is also confirmed by OPERA. EPJ C. 73 (2013) 2599 ICFA 2014

  13. LSND-like exclusion from the ICARUS experiment ICARUS results: E.PJ C 73 (2013) 2599 allowedMiniBooNE allowedLSND 90% allowed LSND 99% limit of KARMEN present ICARUS exclusionarea ICARUS result strongly limits the window of parameters for apossible LSND anomalyto a very narrow region(Dm2 ≈ 0.5 eV2 andsin22q ≈0.005) where there is an overall agreement(90% CL) of • the present ICARUS limit • the limits of KARMEN • the positive signals of LSND and MiniBooNE However the original LSND anomaly requires the direct verification with anti-ns ICFA 2014

  14. A new coherence of the global 3+1 fits Giunti, Laveder et al.,arXiv:1308.5288 • Global fits of sin2qme (appearance) & sin2qee and sin2qmm (disappearance) with corresponding Dm241: a well defined common region 0.82<Dm241<2.19 eV2 well within expectations of relevant cosmological measurements. • The crucial indication in favor of short-baseline is still the old LSND result. MiniBooNE experiment has been inconclusive: hence new and better experiments are needed to check the presence of these signals. • The conditionally approved CERN WA104 experiment will give a definitive answer to the sterile neutrino hypothesis, if the required n and anti-n beams will be available ICARUS contribution is relevant in excluding most of the area. ICFA 2014

  15. Question & Comments on Machado talk • In the above plot, the ICARUS limit is placed at sin2(2θ)~ 4 10-2 (99% CL) whilethe published ICARUS result is sin2(2θ)=1.5 10-2 (99% CL) EPJ C73 (2013) 2599: • Apparentlythe ICARUS sensitivityhasbeencalculatedindependently by Machado et al obtaining a resultdifferent from thatpublished by the ICARUS collaboration. • Inaddition most likelyonly the first ICARUS result (EPJ C73 (2013) 2345) hasconsidereddisregarding the morerecentupdate. • The OPERA result does not seem to be included as well.

  16. WARNING: the red allowed appearance region is conflicting with the experimental ICARUS/OPERA limits

  17. 3D reconstruction (example of stopping µ) Collection view T300 real event Induction 2 view Induction 1 view Simultaneous 3D polygonal fit 2D hit-to-hit associations no longer needed Adv.High Energy Phys. 2013 (2013)260820 ICFA 2014

  18. Automation of reconstruction FIRST STAGE, output from segmentation: clusters and vertices Candidates for shower: high density of vertices Just single hits-> neutron, noise SECOND STAGE, Track clusters, after merging clusters from the segmentation stage: Selected example in green Deltas are excluded during the clusters merging . • CNGS n event primary vertex: automatic reconstruction • Validation with visually identified CNGS vertices • algorithm efficiency ~ 97% • automatic event segmentation algorithm • Track identification • Shower identification • Ready in 2D, to be extended in 3D ICFA 2014

  19. Measurement of muon momentum via multiple scattering • In the T600 and in future LAr TPCs, a method to measure the momentum of escaping μis needed in order to reconstruct μCC events • Deflections due to Multiple Coulomb Scattering (MS) provide such a tool • Horizontal  stopping in the T600 are an excellent benchmark • Calorimetric measurement is possible • The energy range (0.5-4 GeV) perfectly matches future short and long baseline experiments The RMS of  depends on p and on the meas. error  • A sample of 1002 stopping muons from CNGS  interactions in the upstream rock has been selected and analyzed Muon momentum reconstructed by calorimetric measurement for the stopping muon sample ICFA 2014

  20. Work in progress  rays and brem photons excluded for MS determination 3 d reco • Calorimetric momentum estimate  <1% 3D reconstructed track with nodes Distribution of momentum by MS pMS vs momentum by calorimetry pcal MS measured over lm=4 m, and requiring a residual m length of 1 m Event by event ratio pMS/ pcal Bremsstrahlung Filling with estimated dE/dx <PMS/PCal)>= 0.97 Muon “cluster’ used for MS s(PMS/PCal) = 0.16 Muon p determination by MS is possible with a resolution ≈ 15%in the momentum range of interest for future LAr TPCs Identified  rays ICFA 2014

  21. The need for a continuing neutrino programme • The recent, major success of ICARUS-CNGS2 experiment has conclusively demonstrated that LAr-TPC is the leading technology for future short/long baseline accelerator driven neutrino physics. • INFN has just concluded an important cooperation agreement toward a joint experiment with US-LBNE collaboration, involving the long term realization of a truly large mass, LAr-TPC detector for a search of CP violation in the lepton sector, proton decay and other topics. • We strongly believe that the exclusive utilization of charged particle beams will be vastly insufficient/unrealistic, at least at the level of development & complexity of our LAr-TPC programme, and to prepare adequately for the long term realization of the LBNE. • The direct and continued access to a neutrino beam either at CERN or alternatively to FNAL is necessary to maintain the appropriate levels in R&D and participation in physics developments within a “learning” process based on real events and cross sections. ICFA 2014

  22. Next neutrino activities • ICARUS will be moved to CERN early 2014 for overhauling and complemented with a new smaller T150 module “clone” of 1/4 of T600 (WA104). • A MOU between CERN and the participating institutions (INFN) is under preparation, with the installation of the ICARUS detectors in the “Gargamelle Hall” of the West Area. The duration of this program is of about two years. • ICARUS will then be operated either at CERN, if a beam will be made available on a reasonable time schedule, or else at FNAL, provided it will be approved, collecting a large n event sample (≥106) at short baseline with appropriate energy for the future LBNE experiment. • In addition to a definitive clarification of sterile neutrino, the R&D programme in LAr may pave the way to ultimate realization of the LNBE detector f.i. with: • An accurate determination of cross sections in Argon; • The experimental study of all individual CC and NC channels; • The realization of sophisticated algorithms for the most effective identification of the events. ICFA 2014

  23. Experimental clarification of n anomalies • A proposal for a dual baseline experiment has been initially presented at CERN as early as 2009, followed by a number of documents to the SPSC. • Our proposed experiment, collecting a large amount of data both with neutrino and antineutrino focusing, should be able to give a likely definitive answer to the 4 following queries:  • the LSND+MiniBooNe both antineutrino and neutrino nm neoscillationanomalies;  • The Gallex + Reactor oscillatory disappearance of the initial n-esignal, both for neutrino and antineutrinos   • an oscillatory disappearance maybe present in the nm signal so far unknown • Accurate comparison between neutrino and antineutrino related oscillatory anomalies, maybe due to CPT violation. • In absence of these “anomalies”, the signals of the detectors should be a precise copy of each other for all experimental signatures and without any need of Monte Carlo comparisons. • The beam at CERN represents by far the best alternative for such searches. ICFA 2014

  24. Alternative 1: ICARUS at CERN Far position:1600 m ICARUS-T600 detector + magnetic spectrometer New CERN SPS 2 GeV neutrino facility in North Area Near position:460m 150t LAr-TPC detector to be build + magnetic spectrometer ICFA 2014

  25. Exploring all channels: expected sensitivity e-appearance: 1 year μbeam (left) 2 year anti-μ beam (right) for 4.5 1019 pot/year, 3% syst. uncertainty μe μe LSND allowed region is fully explored in both polarities e/m-disappearance: 1 year μ beam (left) 1 year μ+ 2 years anti-μ beams (right) In addition: Detector R&D (T150) Neutrino cross sections (huge statistics of e) Event reconstruction “pave the way for future LBL experiments” ee combined “anomalies”: from reactor ns, Gallex and Sage experiments. ICFA 2014

  26. Alternative 2. LAr-TPC alternative at Fermilab Proposal has been submitted to move the ICARUS LAr-TPC T600 to FNAL. The optimal location is common to the short baseline neutrino beam, about 700 m from the Booster Beam (BNB), and to the off-axis neutrino flux from the NuMI beam line. Proposal to FNAL:arXiv:1312.7252 ICFA 2014

  27. expected sensitivity @ FNAL μe μe e-appearance: 3 year μbeam (left) 5 year antiμ beam (right) for 2.21020pot/year, 4% syst. uncertainty charge identification with Magnetic Fieldessential to reduce the large ne contamination in negative polarity e-disappearance: 3 year μ beam Shown also thecombined “anomalies”: from reactor ns, Gallex and Sage experiments. ee ICFA 2014

  28. R&D LAr Programme • Vigorous technology developments while maintaining the already achieved basic features of T600will introduce important new features (details in C. Montanari talk) : • Magnetizing LAr • LAr Purification • New thermal insulation • New cold bodies design • Compensating recombination effects • Modification on T600 and new electronics for T150 • New light collection system ICFA 2014

  29. New T150 LAr-TPC • Present T600 design extended to T150 module (1/4 T600): 2 wire chambers, 3 read-out planes each, field shaping electrodes and cathode, separating 2 drift volumes (1.5 m drift). • Though intended as the near detector for the sterile neutrino search, the T150 is the ideal tool to implement new solutions, especially for introduction of a magnetic field, purification schemes and cryogenics. • New electronic read-out under development: • Same architecture as for T600 but implementing up-to-date components and new ideas for the layout. ICFA 2014

  30. LAr Magnetization • The introduction of an appropriate magnetic field to the LAr-TPC permits to further contribute to the progress of LAr technology, allowing the unambiguous determination of the sign and momentum of the secondary charged particles and a greatly improved visibility of the e.m. showers. • It provides an even closer visual similarity to the one of a “Gargamelle like” bubble chamber, with the added advantage of an accurate calorimetry and dE/dx identification of the tracks. Example of a 4 GeVe-neutrino event, with a negative electron, p0 , p+ and proton in the final state ICFA 2014

  31. Conclusions • The recent, major success of ICARUS-CNGS2 experiment has conclusively demonstrated that LAr-TPC is a leading technology for future short/long baseline accelerator driven neutrino physics. • Both T600 and T150 LAr-TPC detectors will become operational with the vigorous CERN support(approved experiment WA104) in about two years and ready for a short baseline experiment either ad CERN or at FNAL. • On a longer time scale, INFN has concluded an important cooperation agreement towards a joint experiment with US-LBNE collaboration, in view of the realization of a large mass LAr-TPC detector. • The direct/continued access to a neutrino beam either at CERN or FNAL is necessary to maintain the appropriate levels in R&D/participation in physics developments within a “learning” process based on real n events. • ICARUS is the only operational, physics production scale LAr detector and it shall be so for several years to come. We intend to: • contribute to definitely clarify sterile neutrino existence (CERN/FNAL) • collaborate with LBNE during the preparation phase and with a large amount of neutrino events at the appropriate energy • Use T600 as a convenient “near detector” in LBNE. ICFA 2014

  32. Thank you ! LNGS_May2011 Slide 32 ICFA 2014

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