GRAMMAR REVIEW

1. GRAMMAR REVIEW Marjito, S.S., M.Pd (KandidatDoktor UPI) 0813 20 792 604, marjitompd@yahoo.co.id PerumahanGadingJuntiAsri Blok X1/ 14 Katapang Bandung

2. FUNGSI TO BE (are, am, is) to be are N : adalah am Adj. : TMA S + is + Adverb of Place : ada/ berada was V- ing : sedang (me) were to infinitive : Harus V3 : di being + V3 : sedangdi

3. EXAMPLE • The main memory of a computer is also called the ‘immediate access store’ • She is a professional programmer. • E-mail also can be used to send to individuals or groups while making sure that these announcements are being read • She was uploading the data when I was there • I am to fix your pc right now because it is out of order. • A person performing the wholesale trade is called a 'wholesaler' • My file was deleted yesterday • The computer can bring support to the learning strategies acquired by students.

4. S + V1(s/es)/ V2 • She didn’t go to the office this morning • He never helps me. • They decided to leave the place yesterday.

5. APAKAH 1 • Are noun • Am adj. • Is + S + adverb of place+(O) + ? Apakah … berada • Were to infinitive: apakah … harus • Was V-ing: apakah … sedang me V3 : apakah ….di … being + V3: sedang … di • Are you an analist? • Is your mother at home now? • Are they to take English course? • Are you writing a paper? • Were you interviewed yesterday? • were you being interviewed when I was at your office?

6. APAKAH 2 • Do • Does + S + Verb1+ O + Adverb + ? • Did • Example: • Did you take my blood sample yesterday? • Does she go to the office everyday? • Do you come from Jakarta?

7. WH + APAKAH 1 • When (n) • Where are adj. • Why am adverb • Who + is + S + v-ing + ? • How was to infinitive • What (n) were V3 • Which (n) being + V3 • Whose (n) • How long

8. Example • What are you? • How are you to day? • Why were you late the last Tuesday? • What are you doing now? • When are they to check out? • Who was sent to the jail? • why is she being interviewed now?

9. WH + APAKAH 2 • When • Where • Why • how + do, does, did+ S +V1 + (O) + (adverb)+? • What (n) • Which (n) • Who + V1(s/es)/ V2

10. EXAMPLE • What do you think of this program? • How do you come here? • Which book do you like best? • Where do you come from? • Who held the meeting the last week? • What subject does she take?

11. MODAL + BE shall/ will N: akanmenjadi S + can + be + Adj.: TMA must A of P: harusberada V3: harusdi • I shall be there right now. • New information can be uploaded as quickly as it can be keyed into the correct format, producing instructional materials that may be years ahead of textbooks • The role of the teacher will be different from that of a simple holder and provider of knowledge; the teacher will become the students' guide • One of my friends must be here now. My pc will be fixed as soon as possible • Computers do not provide the sense of cooperation that can be found in a class with a teacher. • The RAM capacity can be sometimes expanded by adding extra chips.

12. FUNGSI HAVE, HAS Noun : mempunyai S + have, has + V3 : telah/ sudah (me) to + V1 : harus Example: • I have two computers. • Ishell has fixed my pc. • Hably has to repair my pc. • Undisciplined students have problems working with computers. • Remember that computers and other equipment are just tools, and you have to make them work for you, not against you

13. FUNGSI HAVE, HAS + BEEN N : telahmenjadi Adj. : TMA S + have, has + been + A of P : tlh/sdhberada V3 : tlhdi/ sdhdi V-ing : tlh/ sdg (me) • She has been a teacher for two years. • They have been here since 2009. • My pc has been fixed • I have been teaching computer for three years.

14. SUBJECT • Katabenda You must keep staff motivated, especially when things get difficult. • Bentuk ………ING (ing form) Analyzing the financial report should be performed monthly. • To infinitive To analyze the financial report need two hours. • There There are options given. • IT It is difficult time to sell new product.

15. Passive 1 • S + are, am, is, was, were + Verb 3+ (by) + Object :di di The old machine was repaired by one of my staffs the last week • S+ are, am, is, was, were + being + Verb 3 + (by) + O: sedangdi. Sedangdi New policy is being discussed by them now • S+ have, has + been + Verb 3 + (by) + Object : telah/ sudahdi telah/ sudahdi ……. New products have been sold by the marketing manager S+ shall, will, should , would+ be+ Verb 3 + (by) + O : akandi akandi ………. These goods shall be delivered by them by the end of this month • S + is, are, was, were + going + to be + V3 + (by): akandi akandi These product are going to be delivered the next Monday.

16. Passive 2 • S + can, could+ be + Verb 3+ (by) + O : dapatdi dapatdi ….. New style of marketing strategy can be created • S + must + be + Verb 3 + (by) + O : harusdi …… harusdi …… These goods must be distributed through the world. • Are, am, is, was, were + S+ Verb3 + (by) + O + ?: apakah …di apakah … di Was the meeting closed yesterday? • Shall/will akankah …. di • Can + S + be+ Verb 3 +(by)+ O+? : dapatkah …. di • Must haruskah … di • Shall new product be produced by our company

17. PASSIVE 3 • When • Where • Why • how + are, am, is + S +V3 +(by) + (O) +? • What (n) was, were • Which+n • Who + are, am, is + V3 + (by) + (o) + ?

18. EXAMPLE • Who was interviewed yesterday? • Where is your file saved? • When is the meeting held? • How are you admired by him?

19. MODAL + BE Will, shall Can • Wh2 + must + S + be + V3 + (by) + (O) + ? Should Where will you be interviewed? How can it be approved? Who must be interviewed?

20. DEGREES OF COMPARISON • Tingkat positive: as_____ as : se • Tingkat lebih • satuatauduasukukatatambahlah ___ erdanjikadibandingkantambahlan than ____. • lebihdari 2 sukukatatambahlah more____ danjikadibandingkantambahlah than ______. • Tingkat Paling • satuatauduasukukatatambahlah the _____ est _____ of/ in_____. • lebihdariduasukukata, tambahlah The most _____ of/ in _________ . • Kekecualian, good better the best

21. EXAMPLE • Heni is as tall as Ani and Ani is shorter than Maska, so Maska is the tallest of them (Ani and Heni.) • The red one is as important as the blue one. • The red one is more important than the blue one. • The most important one is how to solve our problem • It is better to call now

22. _________ YANG_________ People + that, who, + are, am, is , was, were +V3: orang yang dI People + that, who, which + has, have + been+V3: orang yang telahdi People + that, who, which + shall, will, can, must + be +V3: orang yang akandi People + that, who, + V1/ V2 : orang yang (me) People + whom+ S: orang yang Something + that, which + are, am, is, was, were +V3 : benda yang di Something + that, which + have, has + been+V3 : benda yang telahdi Something + that, which + are, am, is, was, were + ket. Tempat: benda yang berada The woman who was dismissed is my friend. The goods which have been sent to Jakarta are broken. She is the only mother whom I love.

23. ….dimana ..… mengapa ….… apa … …. apakah …..etc • don’t know where she lives. • I couldn’t hear what he said. • Do you know when they arrive? • I don’t know who she is. • I wonder whose house that is. • I don’t know whether/if she will come. • I think that he is a good teacher.

24. WORD FORMATION 1(PerubahanKata) Noun pe … an, ke … an Explain ion explanation Develop ment development accept ance/ ce acceptance Difficult ty difficulty careless ness carelessness member ship membership

25. WORD FORMATION 2(PerubahanKata) Adj. Berkenaandgn technology al technological care less careless spirit full spiritfull differ ent different accept able acceptable Act ive active

26. EXAMPLE • Technologicaldevelopment is often described as technological revolution. • As an active sales man, he always has many activities, if not, he will be hopeless and finally, he will be careless action”. • Her financial adviser is convinced the project will be a success. • I am looking for temporary employment during holidays.

27. Proposal Andatidakbisaditerimakarenatidakmemenuhipersyaratan yang telahditetapkanolehpemimpinprojek. Your proposal is unacceptable because it doesn’t meet the requirements as fixed by • Daerah indusriditetapkandipinggirankotasedangandaerahpendidikandilokasikandikota. Industrial area is fixed in the suburb and educational are is allocated in the city • Seandainya, Andaditerimadiperusahaanini, laluadaperusahaan lain menawarkangaji yang libihmenarikdanlebihbesar, apakahandamaupindahatautidak?Jikabegitu, mengapa? Suppose, you are appointed then there is another company which offer more attractive and higher salary, will you take it or not? If so, why? • Suppose, appoint, offer, attractive, high

28. EXERCISE 1 • Adapelanggankita yang kecewabahwakomputer yang dikirimolehHablyrusak. Diamemintakomputerituharusdiganti. Sebenarnya, komputeritutelahdiceksebelumdikirmkarenasayaberadadisanadanmelihatsendiripadawaktuitu. Komputeritumerupakankompter yang terbaikdanterbarudanharganyalebihmurahdibandingdengan yang lain.

29. EXERCISE 2 • Mengapaandadatangterlambatkemarin? • Dimanaandamenyimpankuncisaya? • Seberapaseringandamengeceklaporankeuangan? • Yang mana yang akanandabeli? • file siapa yang beradadiatasmejaitu? • Berapa lama andaakantinggaldiJakarata? • Kapanmerekameneyelesaikantugasnya? • Bagaimanandabisamemperbaikilaporankeuanganitujikatidakbelajar? • Merekatelahmenyerahkanlaporanbulannan. • Diaharusberadadikantorbesokpagi. • Bisakahandamenganalisalaporankeuangansetiapbulan? • Apakahmerekamembuatkesalahandalammembuatlaporan? • Apakahdiatidakhadirdipertemuankemarin? • Apakahandadtanyakemarin?

30. EXERCISE 3 • Proposal Andatidakbisaditerimakarenatidakmemenuhipersyaratan yang telahditetapkanolehpemimpinprojek. • Daerah indusriditetapkandipinggirankotasedangandaerahpendidikandilokasikandikota. • Bantuankeuangan yang menarikakanmembantupemerintahdalammengatasihargabarang yang tidakstabil. • Seandainya, Andaditerimadiperusahaanini, laluadaperusahaan lain menawarkangaji yang libihmenarikdanlebihbesar, apakahandamaupindahatautidak?Jikabegitu, mengapa? Suppose, you are appointed in ths company, then there I another company that offer more attractive and higher salary, will you take it or not? If so, why

31. Laporaniniharusdiserahkankepadapimpinansecepatmungkin. • Barang-baranginitelahdipakdandiceksebelumdikirim. • Pesananandaditolakkarenaandatidakmemberiuangmuka. • Apakah product inidiexportkeJepang? • Haruskahpertemuandibatalkankarenapimpinankitatidakhadir? • Baranginiakandikirimkemana? • Siapa yang akandiijinkanuntukmeninggalkanpertemuan? • Mengapatawarankitaditolak? • Dimana data-data itudisimpan? • Seberapaseringkesesuaianlaporandicekkembalidibersihkan? • Where are the applicants interviewed? • Where were the applicants interviewed yesterday? • Who will be dismissed? • Which one is going to be exported? • When were these items delivered? • what kinds of regulations will be applied?

32. CLAUSE • Independent Clause: an independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence • Dependent clause is not complete sentence. It must be connected to independent clause • Adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information a bout noun (relative clause) •  A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb

33. Dependent Clause and Independent Clause She lives in Jakarta (IC) Where does she live? (IC) Where she lives. (DC) I knowwhere she lives IC DC I know his story NP I heard what he said NC  NC beginning with a question word Wholives there? I don’t know wholives there. S V S V Who isshe? I don’t know who sheis. V S S V

34. Noun clause • NC beginning with a question word. Where does she live? I don’t know where she lives. • NC beginning with WHETHER OF IF Will she come? I don’t know whether/ if she will come. • Question words followed by infinitives I don’t know what I should do I don’t know what to do Jim told us where we could find it. Jim told us where to find it. • NC beginning with THAT He is a good actor. I think that he

35. A noun clause is used as a subject and a object • I don’t know where she lives. • I couldn’t hear what he said. • Do you know when they arrive? • I don’t know who she is. • I wonder whose house that is. • What she said surprised me. • I don’t know whether/if she will come. • I think that he is a good programmer.

36. CORRE LATIVE CONJUCTION • …. either …. or ………. • …. neither …. nor …… • …..not only …. but also …. • …… both ….. and …. • Both the teacher and the student are here • I enjoy reading not only A but also B. • He likes neither coffee nor milk • Either Omar or Rosa has my book. • Ron enjoys horse back riding. Bob enjoys horse back riding

37. Positive and Negative Agreement • + s + AV + too So + AV + S She is smart and I am too She is smart and so am I _ S + AV (-) + Either Neither + AV (+) + S She didn’t go to the Market and They didn’t either She didn’t go to the Market and neither did they Two of my friends never come on time danjugaDia

38. Sayatidakmenemukanorangorang yang menarikketikasayamenghadiripertemuan. • Apakahteoriinibisadiaplikasikansebelumdisetujuioleh 2/3 anggota. • Sayasudahberadadisiniselamadua jam, tetapisayabelumdipanggil. • Sayabarusajatibadirumah, Hablymenelponku. • Semuamahasiswaakandiwawancaraisecepatnyaketikatelahmenyerahkanmakalahnya • Yang mana yang lebihmurah, lebihbagus, danlebihnyaman. • Sayatidakingatdimana file andaberada. • jikasayabelajargiat, sayapasti lulus (kenyataanyatidakbelajardantidak lulus) • Adatigacara yang terbaikuntukmenjadipenjual: (1) andaharusselalutersenyumsetiapadapembelidanmemberipelayanan yang terbaik, (2) andatidakdiperkenankanbohongkaraenakalauandabohong, pembelitidakakanpercayaselamanya, dan (3) andaharusmengatakandenganjujurapakahbarangakandijualbagusatautidak.

39. When Hably was (run fast), he (see) his fiancé crossed the road. • It is the (long) film that I (to be) ever seen • I didn’t realize that our conversation (to be) (record) by someone. • ( to be) your report analyzed the last two weeks? • I don’t know where your house (to be). • She has been (wait) for two hour but he (to be not) come yet • When Jhon is riding motor cycle, he saw me crossing the road. • These goods have been checked before been sent to the customers. • She hasn’t finished the assignment , and neither I do • I enjoy not only reading novels but magazine also • He would answer the phone if she (be) in her office right now. • I don’t know does Tom know about the meeting or not. • My young son wants to know where do the stars go in the day time. • I have already finished my job when she came.

40. Correct the Paragraphs below • After finish the research, I find that there was mistakes performed by the students in completed the final exam. If they had had already learn hard, they would passed the exam. It was believed that when the teacher explained, they weren’t pay attention. Finally, they fell not satisfied and the teacher is too. Solve this problem, the students, who doesn’t study seriously, has to be punished by read aloud and repeat the lesson given. • I had ever writing assignment to improve, it seems they didn’t fully do improve. I don’t really understand what do they want. Do they neither learn or repeat the lesson given? It is good to remind them than to give home assign. Do we unanimous? Is there any the best way can be applied? • I am realize, it take much time to change the students behavior since keeping their ways to learn grammar. It is, sometimes, unaccepted because endless reasons. However, I proud of you.

41. Translate into English • sayabersikukuhdenganpendapatsaya, karenasebelummengambilkeputusan, sayamempertimbangkandulu, bertanyapadateman, danmeminta saran dariorang yang yangberpengalaman. Olehkarenaitu, apapunkeputusansaya, itukeputusan final. • Adabeberapacaradalammengambilkeputusan, sebagianmengambilkeputusandenganlebihcepatdansebagianlagimengambilkeputusandenganmemakanwaktulebihdariseminggu. Hal inidimaksudkan agar keputusan yang telahdiaambiltidakakanberisiko.

42. Sayatidakmenemukanorangorang yang menarikketikasayamenghadiripestemu. • Apakahbarang-baranginitelahdiceksebelumdikirim. • Sayasudahberadadisiniselamadua jam, tetapisayabelumdipanggil. • Sayabarusajatibadirumah, Hablymenelponku. • Semuamahasiswaakandiwawancaraisecepatnya. • Yang mana yang lebihmurah? • Sayatidakingatdimana file andaberada. • jikasayabelajargiat, sayapasti lulus

43. Don’t start (try) (learn) geometry before you have finished (learn) • (do) simple things in arithmetic. • We can’t consider (buy) a new house before (sell) the old one. • All of my friends were (surprise) that he didn’t fail the TOEFL test • When Hably was (run fast), he (see) his fiancé crossed the road. • It is the (long) film that I (to be) ever seen • If she have had the breakfast, she would ( to be) spiritless • I didn’t realize that our conversation (to be) (record) by someone. • (to be) your report analyzed the last two weeks? • She has been (wait) for two hour but he (to be not) come yet.

44. Advantages of the use of computers • The used computers motivate students to learn. • Videos, pictures, and sound presented by computers stimulate sight and hearing simultaneously in a way traditional resources do not. • Computers can help train students to become more independent learners. • Using computers to learn English can help learners to become more disciplined. • The computer can bring support to the learning strategies acquired by students. • Teachers’ responsibilities include giving students the strategies they need for working on their own. • Computers with CD-ROM may provide considerable input and a wide variety of registers and accents. • The input computers can provide may facilitate the formulation of ideas. • Computers provide access to authentic materials and audiences around the world through the Internet. • A computer enhanced environment may encourage language acquisition.

45. Disadvantages of the use of computers • Some students and teachers are discouraged by computers. • Many students and teachers reject a change from the traditional classes. • It is very difficult for some students to get used to being independent learners. • Undisciplined students have problems working with computers. • Computers do not provide some important features of real communicative exchanges. • Computers are machines and they need maintenance, something which may require interruptions to class or study time. • Computers do not provide the sense of cooperation that can be found in a class with a teacher.

46. The following is a set of guidelines to help you through the process of getting used to computer enhanced classes, in case you decide to use computers for your EFL/ESL needs. • Remember that computers and other equipment are just tools, and you have to make them work for you, not against you. • Do not feel satisfied with the materials that commercial software may provide; create your own materials. These can be based on the software. • Motivate students by using computer games for which you have prepared class work materials. • Create materials for work with the computer which are also related to the teacher-led sessions. • Make schedules flexible enough as to accommodate individual or small group sessions with the computer. • Think of the combination of teacher-led classes and computer sessions that best suit your needs. • Design your own computer oriented tasks for the development of language skills.

47. Direct students to the objectives you want them to achieve (these may not necessarily be the same objectives of the software program). • Use Internet accessibility and create writing and speaking tasks for your students using this computer resource. • The World Wide Web contains millions of pages you can use to produce reading tasks. Use it to help encourage your EFL students to learn about a wide variety of cultures and topics. • You may also design reading tasks using any CD-ROM encyclopedia or program that contains hypertext. • Encourage your students to use their intellectual potential by assigning them computer tasks such as looking for information in databases, that will make them think and use English. • Encourage them to use word processors and their applications such as spelling and grammar checkers. • In order to give a sense of purpose to what your students are going to write, have them write and send real e-mail and faxes: this will provide them with a real sense of communication. • Make use of web pages or CD interactive programs to generate discussions. Topics can be as varied as your and your students' imagination can get, and as interesting as your searches through the Internet are.

48. quiz • Electronic Mail • Electronic mail (e-mail) offers teachers and trainers numerous advantages. Email has become indispensable in facilitating day-to-day student-instructor and students-student communication and is greatly facilitating the management of teaching. E-mail can minimize the number of face-to-face meetings with students, freeing both students and the instructor to communicate anytime from anywhere without the need to schedule physical meetings. E-mail also can be used to send announcements/messages to individuals or groups while making sure that these announcements are being read. Email can enhance delivery of learning material and supporting documents in a speedy and convenient way, eliminating much of the physical paperwork and time delay. All of this can lead to reduction in teaching time and more efficient management of the teaching/training process. The review data reported application of the e-mail utilization in a large number of disciplines. Applications include writing as a way of reflection, teaching English as a • second language, and using e-mail as a forum for argumentative interaction in teaching sociology of education.

49. TRNSLATE INTO ENGLISH Adabeberapalangkah yang harusdipenuhijikakitaakanmembuat program sisteminformasikaryawandi PT. Maskatex. Adapunlangkah-langkahtersebutsebagaiberikut: (a) mengidentifikasikebutuhanpengguna, (b) mendesain program, (c) mengimplementasikan design program, (d) mengujiimplementasi, dan (e) perawatan system. Dari beberapalangkah yang disebutkandiatas, tahapmendesain program merupakantahap yang paling sulitdiantaratahap-tahap yang lain

50. Arrange these steps • Provide documentation of the program • Understand the problem and plan the solution • Test and correct the program • Make a flowchart of the program • Write the instructions in coded form and • compile the program