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AGE OF ABSOLUTISM

AGE OF ABSOLUTISM. WHO ARE ABSOLUTE MONARCHS?. kings/queens believe everything in their territory is their property Answer only to God, not his/her subjects . WHAT IS DIVINE RIGHT?. DIVINE RIGHT : belief God created monarchy & they act as God’s representatives on earth.

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AGE OF ABSOLUTISM

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  1. AGE OF ABSOLUTISM

  2. WHO ARE ABSOLUTE MONARCHS? • kings/queens believe everything in their territory is their property • Answer only to God, not his/her subjects

  3. WHAT IS DIVINE RIGHT? DIVINE RIGHT: belief God created monarchy & they act as God’s representatives on earth

  4. REASONS FOR ABSOLUTE MONARCHS, PART I • INCREASE OF MIDDLE CLASS, DECLINE OF FEUDALISM, RISE OF CITIES • 17th C. period of huge upheaval in Europe  monarchs impose order by increasing own power • Created new gov. bureaucracies to control economic life  GOAL: be free from limitations set by nobility & Parliament; therefore rule absolutely

  5. REASONS FOR ABSOLUTE MONARCHS, PART II • 1562–1598 • Huguenots & Catholics fought 8 religious wars • Chaos in France  leads to opening for strong leaders to take over

  6. PRINCE HENRY OF NAVARRE (THE IV) • Inherits throne of France1st king of Bourbon Dynasty • Gave up Protestantism & became Catholic • Declared Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up houses of worship • Declaration of religious tolerance: EDICT OF NANTES • Devotes reign to restoring France’s prosperity

  7. SKEPTICISM idea that nothing can be known for certain • France’s restored power leads to this intellectual movement (for French thinkers)

  8. INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT IN SPAIN • DIEGO VELAZQUEZ—paintings showed pride of Spain’s monarchy; rich colors • DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA: 1605, called birth of modern European novel—by MiguelCervantes • about poor Spanish nobleman who goes crazy from reading too many books on heroic knights • set out to “right every manner of wrong”

  9. ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE: LOUIS XIV • Most powerful ruler in French history • Weakens nobility power; excluded from councils • Increases power of INTENDANTS: gov’t agents that collect taxes & administer justice • Spent fortune on luxurious items (meals & residence) • CHATEAU (Palace) DE VERSAILLES  weakens France • 500 yards long; big statue of himself in courtyard • Center of arts during reign; now purpose of art is to glorify the king & promote values supporting Louis’s absolute rule • Attempt to expand boundaries by invading Spanish Netherlands  gained 12 towns

  10. LOUIS XIV’S LEGACY • 1700, Louis’s grandson, Philip of Anjou, promised throne of Spain after Charles II’s death (no heir) • 2 greatest powers in Europe now both ruled by Bourbon Family • Countries felt threatened & joined together to fight France & Spain  War of Spanish Succession • Louis dies 1715--left a mixed legacy to his country

  11. THIRTY YEARS’ WAR • 1618 – 1648: Each religion in central Europe trying to gain followers; leads to war • 2 phases: • Hapsburg Triumphs: armies from Austria & Spain crush troops sent by Protestant princes; defeat German Protestants; put down Czech uprisings • Hapsburg Defeats: Protestants eventually drove Haps out of N. Germany

  12. PEACE OF WESTPHALIA Ends war in 1648, consequences: 1) Weakened Hapsburg sts. Of Spain & Austria 2) Strengthens France – gives it German territories 3) Made German princes independent of Holy Roman Emperor 4) Ended religious wars in Europe 5) Introduced new method of peace negotiation 6) Most important: abandoned idea of Catholic empire in Europe & recognized Europe as group of independent states now equal to others

  13. ABSOLUTE RULERS IN GERMANY 1. Hapsburgs of Austria (Holy Roman Empire)  King Frederick William 2. Hohenzollerns of Prussia – enemies of Hapsburgs  King Charles VI

  14. Frederick WILLIAM II (the great) Maria theresa • Leader of Prussia • Followed father’s strict military rule, but softened laws • Wanted Austrian lands bordering Prussia; invades & begins War of Austrian Succession  WON • 1756, attacked Saxony & all European allies get involved in war • Ruler of Austria • Lost war to Frederick • Tried to save faceSEVEN YEARS WAR, 1756-1763 • Didn’t change territories in Europe, but Britain on top  France lost colonies in N. America & gains sole domination of India

  15. ABSOLUTE RULERS IN RUSSIA: IVAN IV • IVAN IV (THE TERRIBLE) crowned himself czar of Russia  had a “good period” and “bad period” • His Time of Troubles led Russian government to choose new line of rulers: Romanov Dynasty

  16. PETER I (THE GREAT), PART I • Believed Russia’s future depends on warm-water port  then could compete w/western Europe • Goal of westernization: using Europe as model for change & make Russia stronger • Russian Orthodox Church under state control • Reduced power of landowners (like Ivan IV) • Heavy taxes to pay for army of 200,000

  17. PETER I (THE GREAT), PART II • Introduced potatoes as new staple food • 1st newspaper • Women’s status increases b/c have to attend social gatherings • Nobles give up traditional clothes for western fashions • Education key to progress • Russia becoming powerful by his death in 1725

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