Digitizing Tool For Jane Goodall’s Chimpanzee Project

1. Digitizing Tool For Jane Goodall’s Chimpanzee Project

2. Overview Background Motivation Problem Definition Related Work and its limitations Our contribution Details of the software Error Reduction Techniques Future Work Questions and Comments

3. Background • In 1960 Jane Goodall began her research and in 1977 founded the Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education and Conservation. • Accolades: - U.N. Messenger of Peace (2002) - Gandhi/King Award for Nonviolence (2001) and many more … • Author of several books including the best seller “Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey”.

4. Background • Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies at the University of Minnesota (http://www.discoverchimpanzees.org). • Some of the projects undertaken: - Female dispersal and inbreeding avoidance - Sex differences in diet - Group and individual ranging patterns - A study of social relationships between females

5. Motivation • Mission of the center: - Preserve, organize and digitize all the paper data. Collect and digitize slides, black and white photographs, and video of the Gombe chimps. - Create a relational database of all of these materials. - Analyze this data to further our knowledge about the complex lives of chimpanzees.

6. ProblemDefinition Given: Paper sheets used to record data at Gombe. Objective: To write a program that would take scanned images of the sheets as input and provide easy and effective user interface to digitize the data Constraints: Microsoft access as back-end database. Data should be entered in the existing tables in the right format.

7. Related Work • Direct Entry: Here the user had to read values from the paper sheet and key them in the database tables • MS Access Forms: Forms were written in access. The user would read values from the sheet and fill the form elements. • Digitizing Tablet (Calcomp): In conjunction with a digitizing puck, this hardware device connected to the computer serial port and digitized the data using a batch program.

8. Limitations of Related Work • Resources are not cheap and commonly available. • Equipment compatibility issues with the latest versions of operating systems. • Data entry takes a long time. • Digitization process involves errors. • Only one person may be able to use the resources and digitize at a time.

9. Our Contribution • Port digitization process to commonly available software (Java Swing) and hardware (Scanner) resources • Design and implement software for Image Calibration to allow for digitization of multiple types of sheet. • Design and implement software for Image Digitization of the scanned sheets. • Provide features to facilitate validation of calibrated data. • Provide algorithms and techniques to facilitate validation of digitized data.

10. New Setup Is it a new type? No Yes Digitized Data Calibrated Data Calibrator Digitizer

11. Calibrator Scan the sheet type Step 1 Run the Calibrator program and select scanned sheet type Step 2 Calibrate the sheet Step 3 Calibrated Data

12. Step 1: Scan the sheet type • A sheet type defines the prototype or a reference for the actual sheets that are to be digitized. • It changes when chimps die or new chimps are born. • A sheet type changes at a frequency of about once a year. • Multiple prototypes or references can be stored at the same time. Each one is differentiated with a unique reference name given by the user.

13. Step 2: Select scanned sheet type • Run the Calibrator program • On the first screen: • Select the scanned sheet type that would be used to define the reference or prototype. • Give the sheet type a unique reference name. Error checking is done for duplicate reference names. • Delete an existing reference if its no longer used (Optional).

14. Step 3: Calibrate the sheet • On the second screen: • Starting from the leftmost column, mark the four corners of each column by using the buttons on the top of the screen. • If the corners are marked in the clockwise direction, button clicks are not needed • Select the type of column. If it’s a chimp column, type the initials for the chimp. • Press next for marking the next column or done if all the columns have been marked.

15. Calibrated Data • The following data in stored for each column: • Reference Name • Type of column • Chimp Name (If applicable) • Dimension Information • Row information is not calibrated because it doesn’t change for different sheet types.

16. New Setup Is it a new type? No Yes Digitized Data Calibrated Data Calibrator Digitizer

17. Digitizer Scan the sheets to be digitized Step A Run digitizer and select scanned sheets Step B Calibrated Data Select reference sheet and calibrate current sheet(s) Step C Step D Focal information entry screen Step E Follow arrival entry screen Digitized Data Step F Food information entry screen Step G Other species entry screen

18. Step A: Scan the sheets • Typically two sheets would be recorded in a day for a chimp: • Asabuhi (Morning) time sheet • Jioni (Evening) time sheet • There might just be one of the above sheets. The software allows digitization of one sheet. • Scanned sheets can be of any size and be tilted.

19. Step B: Select the scanned sheets • Run the Digitizer program • On the first screen: • Select the scanned sheet(s) that are to be digitized using the two buttons on the top of the screen. • If only one sheet was recorded for the day, press any one of the two buttons and select the scanned sheet.

20. Step C: Calibrate current sheet(s) • Calibrate the current sheet(s) by marking four corners using the four buttons on top of the screen. • Select a reference sheet from the drop down menu • The skeleton of the entire sheet is redrawn using the reference sheet information for confirmation. • If only one sheet is recorded for the day, the time Asabuhi, Jioni (Morning, Evening) can be selected

21. Step D: Focal information screen • Here the information of the target chimp, date, observer, map recorder, start/ end map numbers and time and follow start time. • With the above information this screen writes a record in the Follow table. • An existing set of records for one set of readings can be deleted on this screen. Its useful if partial or incorrect data has been entered for a set of sheets.

22. Step E: Follow arrival screen • Here the information for all the chimps being followed along with the target chimp is recorded and put in Follow Arrival table. • Two continuous mouse clicks record the start/end times and map numbers for chimps. Other fields are automatically populated. • Certainty 0 and 1 is be differentiated using mouse left and right clicks respectively. • Multiple sequences for same chimp can be entered.

23. Step F and G:Food / Other species screen • After the follow arrival screen, a menu screen is presented with options to go to Food Screen, Other species screen or Exit the program. • Food screen records the food name, food part. Normalized food name is automatically filled by comparing food name on the screen and existing variants in the database. • Other species provides a a drop down menu with species name to select from. • The start/end times and map numbers for both screens are recorded in the same way as follow arrival screen • Data is stored in Food and Other Species table.

24. Food Other Species Screens

25. Map Numbers • Start map number time is taken from the first screen. • If not sequential, a Map Number screen is presented after the Focal Information Screen. • A map number file is generated containing records having Focal Chimp ID, date , times and corresponding map numbers. • Map numbers are retrieved from the file for each follow arrival, food and other species entry.

26. Our Contribution • Port digitization process to commonly available software (Java Swing) and hardware (Scanner) resources • Design and implement software for Image Calibration to allow for digitization of multiple types of sheet. • Design and implement software for Image Digitization of the scanned sheets. • Provide features to facilitate validation of calibrated data. • Provide algorithms and techniques to facilitate validation of digitized data.

27. Validation of Calibrated Data • Done by redrawing the skeleton of the current sheet using selected reference data. • Main Considerations are varying sheet sizes and varying tilts. • Approach: • Find the scaling ratio • Get the individual reference column widths and heights and multiply by the scaling ratio. • Calculate and distribute the tilts.

28. Validation of Calibrated Data The green lines below show the skeleton of the redrawn sheet:

29. Validation of Digitized Data • Done when mouse is clicked for automatic recording of time and map number information. • Using the X and Y coordinates, sheet boundary check is done and the column information is retrieved from the database. • If its not the right column (example: Mouse was clicked in an adjacent column than the one of interest) an error message is popped up and data is not recorded. • Extensive form error checking is provided to facilitate validation of digitized data.

30. Validation of Digitized Data The screen shot below shows an error message being displayed when the mouse was clicked outside the Map Number column for a Map Time reading.

31. Errors • Types of Errors: • Scanner errors • Cylindrical Distortion (Tilts) • Mechanical Distortion (Sheet Crumpling). • Rounding Errors. • Human Errors. • Errors when calibrating a sheet type. • Errors when drawing the paper sheet. • Effects: • Errors in Column Type Validation. • Errors in Exact Time Calculation.

32. Reducing Errors in Column Validation • To improve the validation of column type and hence facilitate validation of calibrated data, errors caused due to tilted scans, need to be reduced. • One possible way is to rotate the sheet coordinates with the tilt angle when storing in the database. • Each time mouse is clicked for data entry, the click coordinates need be rotated with the tilt angle and the database can then be queried for column type information. • The disadvantage is even for small tilts, the coordinates need to be rotated.

33. Reducing Errors in Column Validation Common Region • Another solution is to use “Filter and Refine Strategy” . • Here MOBR(Minimum Orthogonal Bounding Rectangle) is calculated at each mouse click. If there is an overlap, Refining is done to select the correct column of the two. • As the tilt reduces the need for refining reduces hence the overheads are less when tilts are small. Tilted Sheet MOBR

34. b c h d a Mouse Click Reducing Errors in Time Calculation • To calculate time accurately consider the three reference points marked initially for the current sheets • This reduces the the effect of rounding errors and scanner (tilt) errors in time calculation

35. Challenges • Design an easy and effective interface with a smooth flow. • Separating type calibration and digitization. • Allowing digitization of multiple kinds of sheets. • Designing forms that are easy to understand and navigate. • Help users in reducing efforts and time to digitize. • Allowing time and map number entries by mouse clicks. • Provide features to speed up redundant steps. • Reduce errors involved in the digitization process.

36. Testing and validation of software • User: Ian Gilby • Sheets Tested: 2 • One demo was given to Ian before and he could use the software and successfully digitize a set of sheets without any help. • No errors encountered during the digitization. • Overall user experience was good.

37. Future Work • Change the queries to add data to the modified table structures. • Replace looping over each follow arrival with specific follow arrival entry. • Provide means for partial entry of data for a set of sheets and resume the session later. • Populate Follow Map Time table instead of writing to a file and use it for retrieving map number information. • Provide support for the application.

38. Questions and Comments?