PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT

2. PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT Lectures 4 & 5

3. Quality Managing Tools • WHY DO WE USE QUALITY MANAGEMENT TOOLS? • Helps to solve problems • Helps identify reasons for problems • Narrows down your observations • Makes decision-making easy • Brings rationality to your claims

4. Quality Managing Tools Basic Steps to Solve Problems: • Define the problem and establish an improvement goal • Collect data • Analyze the problem • Generate potential solutions • Choose a solution • Implement the solution • Monitor the solution to see if it accomplishes the goal

5. Quality Managing Tools • There are 07 Basic Tools of Quality identified as being most helpful in troubleshooting quality issues. They are called basic because they are suitable for people with little formal training in statistics. These are : • Flow Chart • Cause & Effect Diagram • Check Sheet • Pareto Chart • Histogram • Scatter Plot • Control Chart

6. Flow Charts

7. Flow Charts It visually represent relationships among the activities and tasks that make up a process. • A Flowchart may: • Have a logical start and an end. • Have Inputs and outputs. • Indicate resources involved in the process. • Mention sequence of activities. • Show controlling points. • Mention activities responsible.

8. Symbols in Flowcharting Following standard symbols are used to create process maps: Decision Document/ Report Process Step Terminal Page Connector On-page Connector Input/ Output Existing Process Manual Operation Delay Manual Input

9. Types of Flow Charts Three (03) types of flow diagrams can be used to describe a process, depending upon the information to be shared. These are: High-Level Flowchart A first-level or top-down flowchart shows the major steps in a process. It illustrates a "birds-eye view" of a process.

10. Types of Flow Charts Detailed Flowchart It maps all the steps and activities that occur in the process including decision points, waiting periods, documents and feedback loops etc.

11. Types of Flow Charts Deployment or Matrix Flowchart It maps out the process in terms of who is doing what and how in a process. It is in the form of a matrix, showing the various participants and the flow of steps among these participants.

12. Creating a Flow Chart • Define the process steps by observing the process • Sort the steps into the order of their occurrence in the process • Place the steps in appropriate flow chart symbols • Add the decision points & controlling points • Create the chart • Get it peer-reviewed • Modify if required • Get approval and implement for intended purpose

13. Flow Charts • Exercise: • Draw a process map showing the sequence, flow and interaction of activities involved in the process of selection of a GD pilot for Pakistan Air Force with the below mentioned activities: • Advertisement in newspaper • Applications receiving & scrutiny • Welcoming applicants at recruitment center • Admission • Conducting preliminary test • Preliminary Test results announcement • Arrangements for ISSB tests • Conducting ISSB protocol • ISSB results declaration • Call for interview • Interview conduct • Selection formalities completion

14. Fishbone Diagram

15. Cause & Effect Diagram • Also termed as Ishikawa, Fishbone and Cause & Effect Diagram. • It visually represents the causes of a problem or effect and help you determine the ultimate source of the problem — the root cause. • It is used at the beginning of root cause analysis and planning. CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5 CATEGORY 6 EFFECT CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 1

16. Cause & Effect Diagram Draw Spine Mark Categories Define Problem Highlight issues

17. Exercise Draw a fishbone diagram for investigating the reasons for higher turnover of employees No perks

18. Check Sheet

19. Check Sheet It is a simple document that is used for collecting data in real-time and at the location where the data is generated. This document is typically a blank form that is designed for the quick, easy, and efficient recording of the desired information

20. Pareto Chart

21. Pareto Chart It is a simple bar graph that ranks problems in order of magnitude to determine the priorities for improvement activities. Often called the 80-20 rule, the Pareto’s Principle is a way of separating the “vital few from the trivial many”.

22. How to construct a Pareto Chart • Select the parameter to be studied • Frequency of parameter to be arranged in descending order • Percentage of each contributor to be calculated (Individual & Cumulative frequency) 3, 4,6, 6, 9 13, 15

23. Pareto Chart

24. Scatter Plot

25. Scatter Plot A scatter plot is a classic statistical diagram that lets you visualize the relationship between numeric variables. For instance, if you have a table of data on cities, you could use a scatter plot to see if there is a relationship between population and crime levels. • If the points cluster in a band running from lower left to upper right, there is a positive correlation (if x increases, y increases). • If the points cluster in a band from upper left to lower right, there is a negative correlation (if x increases, y decreases). • If the points cluster in a band running from lower left to upper right, there is a positive correlation (if x increases, y increases). • If the points cluster in a band from upper left to lower right, there is a negative correlation (if x increases, y decreases).

26. Scatter Plot HIGH POSITIVE CORELATION LOW NEGATIVE CORELATION HIGH NEGATIVE CORELATION NO CORELATION