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Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention Module Four: Scientific Literature Review. Presented by: Karen Peters, DrPH. Objectives. Determine what is a literature review and why they are useful. Delineate the differences between the 3 types of literature review.
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Evidence Based ChronicDisease PreventionModule Four: Scientific Literature Review Presented by: Karen Peters, DrPH
Objectives • Determine what is a literature review and why they are useful. • Delineate the differences between the 3 types of literature review. • Identify commonly used databases and web resources used in conducting a literature review. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Literature Reviews: What Are They and Are They Useful? • A literature review is a type of scientific research article published in a professional peer-reviewed journal. • The purpose of a literature review is to appropriately report on the state of knowledge that exists from previously published research. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Literature Reviews: What Are They and Are They Useful? • The literature review research design is different from other research designs because it studies previously published research papers. • Literature reviews are useful because they summarize several studies in one paper, thereby reducing the number of papers that a busy public health practitioner has to read in order to learn new information Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
The 3 Types of Literature Reviews • Narrative Literature Review • Qualitative Systematic Literature Review • Quantitative Systematic Literature Review (Meta-analysis) Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Narrative Literature Review • Definition: • This type of review is a narrative overview of a topic based upon published literature. • Strengths: • They are helpful in presenting a broad perspective on a topic and often describe the history or development of a problem or its management. • They often discuss theory and context and used for educational purposes. • Use to provoke thought and are useful pieces to read when there is little research available on a topic. • Papers often incite a call to action. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Narrative Literature Review • Limitations: • Lack of reproducible methods sometimes employed to construct them. • Reviews are sometimes quite biased, making it difficult to discern if the author has constructed a review of the literature or a commentary. • Since these reviews deal with theory and overviews, they may not be the right choice if you are trying to answer practice/intervention related questions. • Rarely appraise the quality of articles used in the literature review but make comments from the reviewed literature. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Narrative Literature Review • Identifying Features: • Key identifying feature is their prose nature with a general de-emphasis of reproducible methodology and an emphasis on synthesizing information. • Author typically writes a summary abstract of the article that does not delineate the methods used to find the articles reviewed. • If the abstract is “structured” the methods are still not clearly described and detailed. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Narrative Literature Review • Level of Evidence: • Narrative literature reviews are one of the weakest forms of evidence to use for making program/practice related decisions. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Sample Narrative LiteratureReview Abstract • Selected Evidence for Behavioral Approaches to Chronic Management in Clinical Settings: Diabetes • Author: Center for Advancement of Health – Health Behavior Change in Managed Care Advisory Committee • Published: 2000 • http://www.cfah.org/ Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Qualitative SystematicLiterature Review • Definition: • A systematic review is a type of literature review that employs detailed rigorous and explicit methods. • The authors of systematic reviews attempt to obtain all original (primary) research studies published on the topic under study by searching in multiple databases and performing hand searches. • The authors appraise each paper reviewed in a systematic and consistent manner • Qualitative systematic reviews of the literature are called qualitative because the process by which the individual studies are integrated includes a summary of findings, but does not statistically combine the results of all of the studies reviewed Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Qualitative SystematicLiterature Review • Strengths: • Usually structured around a focused question or purpose, allowing the authors to develop criteria used to determine if a research publication should be included or excluded in the final synthesis. • Methods of the study are written in a reproducible manner, so that you could replicate the study if you wished this enhances the credibility of the study. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Qualitative Systematic Literature Review • Limitations: • Most suitable for reviewing clinical trials and observational types of studies, such as cohort designs. • Do not really allow for much discussion of theory and its application. • Lack of statistical analysis precludes the assessment of relative strength of various studies Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Qualitative Systematic Literature Review • Identifying Features: • A detailed search of the literature based upon a focused question or purpose is the hallmark of a systematic review. • Abstract will typically be structured and describe the methodology employed, including the inclusion/exclusion criteria. • Several databases will have been searched and should be divulged, including the search dates and search words. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Qualitative Systematic Literature Review • Identifying Features: • Authors critically analyze the research reviewed and this analysis is reported in a synthesized manner based on the information extracted during the review. • Each paper may be rated on a scoring system by the authors. • Results will be presented in a systematic fashion, but the results of several studies reviewed will not be statistically combined. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Qualitative Systematic Literature Review • Level of Evidence: • More powerful evidence-based source to garner practice related information than narrative reviews, case reports, case series and poorly conducted cohort studies. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Sample Qualitative Systematic Literature Review Abstract • Effectiveness of Self-Management Training in Type 2 Diabetes • Authors: Susan L. Norris, MD, MPH; Michael M. Engelgau, MD, MSc; K.M. Venkat Narayan, MD, MPH • Journal: Diabetes Care • Publication Date: 2001 • Volume: 24, pages 561 - 587 Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Quantitative SystematicLiterature Review • Definition: • A systematic review that critically evaluates each paper reviewed and statistically combines the results of the studies is called a quantitative systematic review of the literature, or meta-analysis. • Meta-analysis employ all of the rigorous methodology of qualitative systematic reviews. • Are called quantitative because the process by which the individual studies are integrated includes a summary of findings and also utilizes statistical methods to pool data from the various studies. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Quantitative SystematicLiterature Review • Strengths: • Inherent strengths common to systematic review process. • The major benefit of a meta-analysis is the pooling of data between studies. This allows authors to derive a large base of data from which to draw a conclusion. • Particularly powerful if studies under review are very similar in their construction because several studies can be combined as one larger base of data leading to more powerful conclusions. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Quantitative Systematic Literature Review • Limitations: • The big strength of the meta-analysis, the pooling of the data, can also be a drawback because it is difficult to find studies that are similar enough to one another to draw valid comparisons. • There is disagreement amongst experts about the most appropriate methods to combine the data from studies with different variables (populations, outcome measures, interventions). • Meta-analyses do not really allow for much discussion of theory and its application. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Quantitative Systematic Literature Review • Identifying Features: • Like the qualitative systematic review, look for explicit and reproducible methodology. • Results presented in a systematic fashion and the results of several studies reviewed should be statistically combined. • Each paper may be rated on a scoring system by the authors. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Quantitative Systematic Literature Review • Identifying Features: • Authors critically analyze the research reviewed and this analysis is reported in a synthesized manner based on the information extracted during the review. • Each paper may be rated on a scoring system by the authors. • Results will be presented in a systematic fashion, but the results of several studies reviewed will not be statistically combined. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Quantitative Systematic Literature Review • Level of Evidence: • Meta-analyses are considered to be a very high form of evidence for making practice/intervention related decisions. • The results of the review are produced from a rigorous critical appraisal of previously published research as well as the pooling of data from the studies. • This leads to a large database from which to draw conclusions. Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Sample Quantitative Systematic Literature Review Abstract • Meta-Analysis of Diabetes Patient Education Research: Variation in Intervention Effects across Studies • Author: Sharon A. Brown, PhD, RN • Journal: Research in Nursing and Health • Publication Date: 1992 • Volume: 15, pages 409-419 Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Common databases in USA CDC NIH MEDLARS MEDLINE PubMed CancerLit Current Contents HealthSTAR Common databases in IL IDPH IPLAN Vital records Hospital discharge (IH4C) – Traffic safety related database Databases Commonly Used Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Commonly Used Internet Resources • Common Internet Databases in USA • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/ • National Institutes of Health: http://www.nih.gov/ • this will be expanded!! Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Literature Review: Key sources • List of books and journals • U.S. Government printing office (www.access.gpo.gov ) Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Demonstration: Emulating a Search • National Library of Medicine • www.nlm.nih.gov • PubMed • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Demonstration: Emulating a Search Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Demonstration: Emulating a Search Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Demonstration: Emulating a Search Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Demonstration: Emulating a Search Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Demonstration: Emulating a Search Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention
Demonstration: Emulating a Search Evidence Based Chronic Disease Prevention