Induction

1. Induction BY: Yusuf Ali Jonathan Odjo Aleks Iricanin

2. Essential question Essential question: How does induction impact what you believe in or your own personal beliefs?

3. Florida’sBenchmarks: i. Nonfiction (history) a. The student will analyze and evaluate information from text features (e.g., glossary, index). LA.910.2.2.1 b. The student will use information from the text to answer questions or to state the main idea or provide relevant details. LA.910.2.2.2c. The student will identify and analyze the characteristics of a variety of types of text. LA.910.2.2.4ii. Fiction (fables/myths, and Invention) a. The student will analyze and compare a variety of… literary works. LA.910.2.1.2 II. AP Standards (AP Language and Composition Course description, pages 9-10)i. Course description details a. create and sustain arguments based on readings, research and/or personal experience; b. produce expository, analytical and argumentative compositions that introduce a complex central idea and develop it with appropriate evidence drawn from primary and/or secondary sources, cogent explanations and clear transitions

4. Examples of induction a. According to Harvard University b. “--Inductive reasoning generalizes a conclusion from analogous facts (e.g. Every dog I see has four legs. Therefore all dogs have four legs). The rhetorical equivalent of inductive reasoning is the example. “ · However, because of this generalization, your conclusion may not always be true or correct – i.e., an injured dog may have only 3 legs In math problems, Students are told to find x. Therefore they will find X…. However! As said before, your conclusion may not always be true or correct, and this isn’t what the test makers had in mind when they said “find x.”

5. Examples from Freakonomics Themes of induction and common beliefs - Incentives are the cornerstone of economic life they can work for you and against you - Conventional wisdom which is one that we think we know is often wrong - Dramatic events often have distant and subtle causes Another conventional wisdom portrayed in the book is one about drug dealers and on average how much do you think a drug dealer gets paid? Our conventional wisdom or the induction may say a good amount of money depending on the product but in reality or the deduction most drug dealers make less than minimum wage and because the job is so dangerous it is not preferable. To know induction you must also know deduction which is the act of deducting or drawing a conclusion by reasoning. All cats die; Socrates died; therefore Socrates was a cat-this is deduction a version of this that would be induction would say All cats die; Socrates died so from this we could draw a conclusion to say Socrates was a cat but this may not be true because from other knowledge we know that not only cats die. Freakonomics takes logic and theory or conceived knowledge “induction” and then brings out the reality in it or the “deduction” In the chapter one (what do school teachers and sumo wrestlers have in common) It makes a study out of a problem and the problem is “at a day care center they have parents coming up to pick up the children and parents are late to pick their children up every day without any consequence. This is forcing the teachers to stay later without any pay so they thought of an idea to solve the problem.”What do you expect to happen when a fine is imposed? Our conventional wisdom we would all say yes so the daycare imposed a fine of three dollars each student after ten minutes and it would be added to the monthly bill. Our first thought was the number of late pickups would go down but the incentive backfired and the number of late pickups went up and almost doubled. Our inductive reasoning was wrong. - This shows that explanations are generally accepted as true - But when tested are inductive reasoning may not be true

6. Difference between Induction and Deduction Induction is a method of generalization to all cases from the observation of particular cases. (narrow sense) Induction: The operation of discovering and proving general propositions. This narrow sense was found in Aristotle’s definition, and also in the philosopher, John Stuart Mill’s account. Induction: arguments that establish the truth of the conclusion as probable or probably true. Informally at least, and inductive argument claims its conclusion follows with some degree of probability. Ex: A red-eyed fruit fly has RNA.A white-eyed fruit fly has RNA.A Hawaiian fruit fly has RNA.Therefore, all fruit flies have RNA. Ex 2: All the great Greek philosophers wrote treatises on science All philosophers named Aristotle wrote treatises on science Therefore Aristotle was a great Greek philosopher. (A treatises is basically a formal exposition) Deduction is defined as an argument which purposes are claimed to provide final evidence in order to figure out its conclusion. Ex: All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Ex 2: All organisms have RNA A fruit fly is an organism Therefore, a fruit fly has RNA

7. Aristotle’s logic & Logic today Four laws of Aristotelian logic: 1. The law of non-contradiction 2. The law of Identity 3. The law of excluded middle 4. The law of rational inference from what is known to what is unknown When Aristotle regarded to logic he called it: “a basic study to all branches of knowledge” He called it an instrument of study Many people, such as Alfred Weber named Aristotle “the real founder of logic”. Today the common definition of logic is: the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference. Definition of inference: the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation

8. What did you learn? Jeopardy! Pictures Define Examples 10 10 10 20 20 20 30 30 30 Grand Prize

9. Aristotle

10. Deduction

11. The act of deducting or subtraction, drawing a conclusion by reasoning Deduction

12. Arguments that establish the truth of the conclusion as probable or probably true. Informally at least, and inductive argument claims its conclusion follows with some degree of probability. Induction

13. All the great Greek philosophers wrote treatises on science All philosophers named Aristotle wrote treatises on science Therefore Aristotle was a great Greek philosopher. Induction

14. All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Deduction

15. Induction

16. “a basic study to all branches of knowledge” Logic

17. DOUBLE JEOPARDY How does induction impact what you believe in or your own personal beliefs?

18. Congratulations! You have won the Induction Jeopardy!