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Pests & Pesticides

Pests & Pesticides. Mechanical Burn fields Chemical Organic: oils, alcohol, acids Natural: Petroleum 1700’s Synthetic (1939) Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: DDT 1942-45 : typhus 1955: Malaria 1962 : Silent Spring: Biomagnification 1969: Program abandoned 1972: DDT Banned in USA

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Pests & Pesticides

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  1. Pests & Pesticides • Mechanical • Burn fields • Chemical • Organic: oils, alcohol, acids • Natural: Petroleum 1700’s • Synthetic (1939) • Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: DDT • 1942-45 : typhus • 1955: Malaria • 1962 : Silent Spring: Biomagnification • 1969: Program abandoned • 1972: DDT Banned in USA • 2007: China stops production • 2011: India still produces and uses DDT

  2. Pests & Pesticides: • Synthetic Organic Chem. cont. • Organophosphates: attacks CNS, targets cholinesterase • Glyphosate : Roundup • Is it safe? • Monsanto: environmentally safe, safe as salt • 20 weeds are resistant to it • Pregnant women exposed to glyphosate had children with lower IQ

  3. Pests & Pesticides • Synthetic Organic Chemicals (cont.) • Fumigants: sterilize soil • Carbon tetrachloride is no longer used • Organic (not synthetic) • Botanicals: as early as 1200 BCE • Rotenone: highly toxic to fish • Nicotine sulfate: highly toxic to mammals • Inorganic Chemicals • Metals: arsenic, as early as 324 BCE • Sulfur: as early as 2500 BCE

  4. Environmental Effects of Pesticides • Exposure to no-target organisms • Honeybees • Not all targeted insects are killed • Pest resurgence • Persistent organic pollutants (POP) • Inuit women • Beluga whales

  5. Human Health Effects of Pesticides 25 million people suffer from pesticide poisioning Pesticides on Conventionally grown fruits 3X more than Organic grown 6X more likely to have multiple pesticides

  6. Alternatives to Conventional Farming • Sustainable Ag. • Grow food in harmony with nature • Local food instead of global • Food that is wholesome and nutritious • Organic Farming 100% • No pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, hormones GMOs, or antibiotics • Can this feed the world?

  7. Alternatives to Conventional Farming • Alternatives to chemical pesticides • Crop rotations: (corn/soy/alfalfa hay) • Cover crops: min. 30% residue • Replace the plow • Biological controls • GMOs • Integrated Pest Management • Cost analysis

  8. Pests & Pesticides • Biological : living organisms • Bacterial: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) • Insects: Parasitic wasps

  9. Chlorinated hydrocarbons

  10. Agricultural practices can increase erosion • Erosion: • Wind: • Water: • Lack of cover increases erosion • Conventional tilling • Row crops, weed free crops, removal of windbreaks, continual cropping, no crop rotation

  11. Types of soil degradation Conversion Physical Chemical

  12. Pests can harm people and ecosyStems Variety of pest, variety of pesticides reduce crop yield and profitability Cause disease

  13. Control

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