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Animal Architecture

Animal Architecture. Structure Hierarchy. Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System. Cell Structure. Plasma membrane Isolates cytoplasm from environment Regulates molecular movement into and out of cell Interacts with other cells/environment Cytoplasm

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Animal Architecture

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  1. Animal Architecture

  2. Structure Hierarchy • Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System

  3. Cell Structure • Plasma membrane • Isolates cytoplasm from environment • Regulates molecular movement into and out of cell • Interacts with other cells/environment • Cytoplasm • Water, salts, organic monomers and polymers • Often contains organelles • Genetic material • DNA

  4. Epithelial Tissue • Covers internal and external structures • Purpose • Protection • Secretion • Gas exchange • Basement membrane and connective tissue support epithelial tissue

  5. Connective Tissue • Very diverse functions • Support  Cartilage, bone, dense, loose • Energy storage  Adipose • Gas exchange  Red blood cells • Immune system  White blood cells

  6. Muscle Tissue • Contain contractile unit composed of actin and myosin fibers • Smooth • Striated • Skeletal • Cardiac

  7. Smooth Muscle • Invertebrates • Body wall, ducts, sphincter • Vertebrates • Controls diameter of tubes (blood vessels and digestive system) • Involuntary

  8. Striated • Densely packed actin/myosin fibers gives striated appearance • Multinucleated cells – syncytial • Skeletal • Found in both vertebrates and invertebrates • Attaches to bones and cartilage in vertebrates • Cardiac • Only found in vertebrate heart

  9. Nervous Tissue • Neurons – send and receive signals • Neuroglia – support and protection

  10. Metazoa • Multicellular • Motile (at some point in life cycle) • Heterotrophic (consumer) • Diploid (two sets of chromosomes) • Development proceeding via a blastula

  11. Choanoflagellate Protozoan • Simple colonial flagellates • No specialization • Precursor to Metazoa

  12. Spherical Colonies of Choanoflagellates • Reproduction of the whole cell aggregate through gametes • Cell specialization

  13. Metazoa Classification

  14. Three Basic Tissues • Ectoderm • Outer germ layer • Skin, nervous system, etc… • Mesoderm • Forms between ectoderm and endoderm • Connective tissue, muscle, vascular etc… • Endoderm • Innermost germ layer • Gastrointestinal tract

  15. Eumetazoa

  16. Animal Symmetry • Spherical – Radiolarians (protists) • Radial – Cnidarians (jellyfish) • Bilateral – Acoelomates (flatworms)

  17. Symmetry

  18. Developmental Patterns • Cleavage Pattern • Radial vs. Spiral • Regulative vs. Mosaic • Blastopore formation • Coelom formation

  19. Mesoderm and Coelomic Formation

  20. Protostomes Molluscs Annelids Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates Deuterostomes Chordates Echinoderms Protostomes Vs. Deuterostomes

  21. Bilateria

  22. Protostomes Body Plans

  23. Segmentation • Body divided into somites (segments) • Phyla • Annelida • Arthropoda • Chordata

  24. Cephalization • Concentration of nervous tissue • Development of brain and senses • Movement toward stimulus

  25. Overview of Body Plans

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