Industrial Revolution: Past and Present Impact

1. “In an industrial society which confuses work and productivity, the necessity of producing has always been an enemy of the desire to create.” - Raoul Vaneigem If you have 3 quarters, 4 dimes, and 4 pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar.

3. A New Kind of Revolution Main Idea In the 1700s conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth of the textile industry, which in turn led to huge changes in many other industries.

5. Occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The major countries involved were Britain, America, Germany, France, and later Japan. It created a major shift of technological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions in the countries that industrialized. What Was the Industrial Revolution?

6. Occurs when countries’ economies shift from being based mainly on agriculture to manufacturing. Industrializing is also accompanied with a dramatic social, political, and philosophical change. There must be certain conditions present in order for industrialization to occur, a country must have: the land/natural resources to accommodate manufacturing a labor force capital supportive government with a stable economy What Does Industrialized Mean?

7. Factors for Success Agricultural Factors • Exploration and colonialism • Seapower • Political stability • Government support • Growth of private investment • Land, Labor, and Capital • Research and development on farms • Jethro Tull, seed drill • Improved livestock breeding • Better varieties of food crops • Increased food supply • Population grew • Enclosure movement A Revolution in Great Britain During the 1700s changes in technology began based on the use of power-driven machinery. This era is called the Industrial Revolution.

10. New Way of Making Cloth Cloth-making in Factories • Fabric made of wool or cotton • Supply of fibers increased in the 1700s • Slave labor in America – Slavery will eventually come to an end in most of the British Empire due to the efforts of William Wilberforce – Slavery Abolition Act, 1833 • Invention of cotton gin, spinning jenny, flying shuttle • Cottages too small • Factory invented • Power for factories? • Water frame for water power • Output increased 8x by 1770 A Revolution in Textiles • Textile Industry • Beginning of Industrial Revolution • Weaving was a cottage industry • Labor performed at home • Industrialization transformed this

12. Spinning Jenny Cotton Gin

14. Coal for Steam Engines Development of Steam Engine • Steam engines needed large amounts of fuel • Wood scarce • Coal mining industry • Changing landscapes • Dangers of mining • First successful steam engine in 1712 • Innovations byJames Watt • Steam power versus water power • Steam locomotives • Steamships - Robert Fulton Steam Powers the Revolution

16. Why Western Countries? America / Europe Asia • Political liberty • Freedom to compete • Rewards reaped • Exploitation and improvements • British Restrictions; Hamilton, 1791: Samuel Slater -Water frame; Slater’s Mill • Lowell’s Mill • Belgium -1807; France – 1815; Germany - 1850 • Japan first in 1868 - Meiji government • The 1900s —industrialization for: China, India, Russia Industrialization Spreads Industrialization soon spread to western Europe and the United States. Other regions did not industrialize in the 1800s. What was it about Western countries that encouraged them to embrace industry?

17. Factories and Workers Main Idea The transition from cottage industries changed how people worked in factories, what life was like in factory towns, labor conditions, and, eventually, processes within factories.

18. Work in the Home Problems for Cottage Industries • Raw materials delivered • Work done to completion • Merchant takes product to market • Workers controlled schedules, quality • Family life revolved around business • Destruction of equipment • Time to learn skills • Physical strength required • Factory owners took advantage of drawbacks Production before Factories

19. Factories and Factory Towns • Factories • Major change from cottage industry • Had to leave home to work • Hardships for some workers • Working in a factory or mine • Dangerous work for all – in factories and mines: working with dangerous heavy machinery • Long workdays – in textile mills - 10-14 hour workday • Poor factory conditions common – in textile mills: unventilated rooms causing pneumonia and TB; in mines: Lung diseases from breathing in coal dust • Life in factory towns • Towns grew up around factories • Towns, factories rose near coal mines • Sanitation poor in many factory towns

21. Despite long hours, factory workers earned very little money. Women usually earned only half of what men made. Child labor was paid the least. Due to limited opportunities for education, children were expected to work. Employers could pay children less despite the fact that they did the same work as adults. Before Child Labor laws were passed, many were forced to work in terrible conditions for lower pay. Labor Conditions: Factories

23. The Factory System and Workers • Workers in a New Economy • Wealthy to invest in, own factories • Mid-level to run factories • Low-level to run machines • Cottage Workers’ Unrest • Handmade goods more expensive than factory made • Luddite movement, 1811 • Violence spread, 1812 • Changing Labor Conditions • No government regulation • Labor unions organized • Strikesbrought change - 1870s: Parliament legalizes workers strikes; Child Labor Laws; Public Health Acts. • New Class of Workers • Growth of middle class • Managers, accountants, engineers, mechanics, salesmen • Economy increased • Huge contrast between the rich upper class and the poor laborers

25. Mass Production Effects • Mass production began in U.S. • Elements: • Interchangeable parts • Assembly line • Production and repair more efficient • Production more swift • Dramatic increase in production • Businesses charged less • Affordable goods • More repetitious jobs - soon became norm Factories and Mass Production The factory system changed the world of work. In addition, new processes further changed how people worked in factories.

26. Summarize What was mass production? Answer(s): a system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items

29. New Ideas in a New Society Main Idea The Industrial Revolution inspired new ideas about economics and affected society in many ways.

30. Capitalism and Competition New Roles for Business Leaders • Old mercantile system restricted trade • Adam Smith: Laissez-faire economics “let them alone.” (No government intervention in the economy); market economy - Capitalism: economy in which most of the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. • Thomas Malthus, poverty unavoidable • Industrialization succeeded and spread • Shift in wealth and power • Entrepreneur • Banking and finance • Andrew Carnegie - rags to riches • Robber barons New Ideas about Economics

32. Robert Owen Karl Marx • More hopeful than Malthus • Socialism • Society owns property • Society controls business • Model industrial town • New Harmony • Social democracy • More radical socialism • Predicted collapse of capitalism – conflict between classes inevitable • Communist Revolution: the have nots would seize power from the haves. • With no private property, there would be no classes. Government would fade and communism would be created • Communist Government: owns means of production and controls economic planning Competing Economic Views Not everyone agreed that laissez-faire capitalism was good. Two who took a different stance were Robert Owen and Karl Marx.

35. Home Life Countries Societies • Worlds of work and home separated • “Separate spheres” • Business world-without moral controls • Women-moral guidance at home • Industry-great power • Control of other nations’ economies • Industrialization of United States • Period of immigration to United States • Increase in wealth • Standard of livingimproved • Leisure time • Changes to many aspects of life: • Art • Politics • Transportation Effects on Society The rise of new economic ideas was among the countless effects of the Industrial Revolution. The shift away from cottage industries also affected home life and the roles of women in society.

37. Darwinism and Social Darwinism • February 12, 1809-April 19 1882. English naturalist. • Developed the modern theory of Evolution. • On the Origin of Species • Darwin’s theory created controversy, it contradicted Creationism and ignored divine influence in the universe

39. Social Darwinism • Darwin’s theories of natural selection and “survival-of-the-fittest” were applied to social psychology. • These theories were, and continue to be, used for justification by those that are in power. (we are the fittest due to our social and economic position, therefore we have the right to be here and do as we please)

40. Romanticism • Occurred in the late 1700s, a movement in which artists would emphasize human emotion and imagination over reason. • Romantic artists rejected the ugliness of industrialized society and turned to nature, glorifying its beauty. • The struggle for personal freedom and heroic rebellion against society’s established rules are frequent themes in their works.

41. William Blake and William Wordsworth

42. Romanticism

43. Romanticism

47. Romanticism

48. Eugene Onegin - Polonaise • http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/classical/tchaikovsky/audio/tchaikovsky_index.shtml

49. Realism • Occurred in the mid-1800s, and unlike Romantics, Realists sought to portray life in a realistic way. • Realist painters and writers wished to portray life as it was, not to escape from it. • Writers such as Charles Dickens, Mary Ann Evans (George Elliot), etc. portrayed life as it truly was during industrialization: a wide gap between the lower and upper class.

50. Realism