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DNA Repair DNA repair is a system used to correct DNA damage caused by either:

DNA Repair DNA repair is a system used to correct DNA damage caused by either: A- Errors during DNA replication including incorrect base-pairing (mismatching e.g. G may be paired with T not with C)

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DNA Repair DNA repair is a system used to correct DNA damage caused by either:

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  1. DNA Repair DNA repair is a system used to correct DNA damage caused by either: A- Errors during DNA replication including incorrect base-pairing (mismatching e.g. G may be paired with T not with C) B- Environmental damaging agents that cause the alteration or removal of nucleotide bases. These damaging agents can be either: i- chemicals, for example, nitrous acid ii- radiation e.g. UV light which can join two adjacent pyrimidines iii- high-energy ionizing radiation, which can cause double-strand breaks.

  2. If the damage is not repaired, a permanent mutation may be introduced that can result in number of deleterious effects leading to cancer. Luckily, cells are remarkably efficient at repairing damage done to DNA. Most of repair systems involve: 1- recognition of the of damage on DNA, 2-removal or excision of the damage, 3-replacement or filling the produced gap with new DNA and ligation

  3. A- Mismatch repair: • Mismatch repair is mediated by a group of proteins known as the Mut proteins. Analogous proteins are present in humans. • Steps of repair: • Identification of the mismatched strand: • When mismatch occurs, the Mut proteins that identify the mis-paired base (s) must be able to differentiate between the correct strand and the strand with the mismatch. • For example: in mis-paired G-T, Mut proteins should recognize whether G or T is the false base added in the new strand.

  4. Differentian is based on the presence of GATC sequence in which adenine base is methylated, this unique sequence is found approximately once every thousand nucleotides. Methylation of adenine is not done immediately after replication, so the newly synthesized DNA is hemi-methylated i.e parent strand is methylated, but the daughter new strand is not. The methylated parent strand is assumed to be correct, and the daughter strand that will be repaired.

  5. . Repair of damaged DNA: Figure handout When the mismatch is identified, an endonuclease nicks (cuts) the daughter strand and the mismatched nucleotide(s) is/are removed by exonuclease. Extra nucleotides at the 5' and 3' ends of the mismatch are also removed. The gap left after removal of the nucleotides is filled by DNA synthesized by DNA polymerase I using the parent strand as a template. The nick is sealed by ligase.

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