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ecological sanitation p lanning and economics

This planning guide aims to assist in the implementation of ecological sanitation projects, focusing on the household level. It includes a 10-step process, stakeholder participation, and monitoring and evaluation techniques.

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ecological sanitation p lanning and economics

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  1. ecological sanitation planning and economics Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure Commissioned by: In depth workshop on ecological sanitation, 7 - 8 May 2005, Asmara,

  2. ecosan-project archetypes • User of sanitation facilities household household / neigbourhood household / neigbourhood tourists, employees, pupils ... • User of the end products household household (partly) farmer, external user (partly) household (partly)      farmer, external user (partly) user-institution (partly)     farmer, external user (partly) • Considered resources (minimum / optimum) faeces + urine only plus greywater, rainwater harvesting, organic waste faeces + urine + greywater only  rainwater harvesting, stormwater management, organic waste faeces + urine + greywater + stormwater- manage- ment   plus rainwater harvesting, organic waste faeces + urine + greywater + stormwater- manage- ment   plus rainwater harvesting, organic waste • Service provision for operation, transport, treatment and marketing household household public/ private service provider household  public/ private service provider user institution public/ private service provider Project-type A B C D new urban development areas particular objects (tourism, schools ..) Characteristics rural upgrading urban upgrading

  3. The foundation of planning for ecological sanitation The Bellagio-Principles of WSSCC: • 1. Human dignity, quality of life and environmental security at household level should be at the centre of the new approach, which should be responsive and accountable to needs and demands in the local and national setting. • 2. In line with good governance principles, decision-making should involve participation of all stakeholders, especially the consumers and providers of services. • 3. Waste should be considered a resource, and its management should be holistic and form part of integrated water resources, nutrient flows and waste management processes. • 4. The domain in which environmental sanitation problems are resolved should be kept to the minimum practicable size (household, community, town, district, catchment, city) and wastes diluted as little as possible. • The Bellagio Principles were endorsed by the members of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative during its 5th Global Forum in November 2000 in Iguacu (Brasil). • Bellagio Principles: • household centered • participation of all stakeholders • Waste to be considered as resource • Level of problem solving

  4. The 10-Step HCES approach • The HCESof the WSSCC • Participation of stakeholders • Level of problem solving HCES = Household (neighborhood) centered environmental sanitation WSSCC = Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council

  5. National Government District Government Local Government Neighbourhood Household A new planning approach - household centred • The HCESof the WSSCC • Participation of stakeholders • Level of problem solving Future Past HCES = Household (neighborhood) centered environmental sanitation WSSCC = Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council

  6. STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated Urban Environmental Sanitation Service (UESS) plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated UESS plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) STEP 10: Implementation The 10-Step HCES approach 10-STEP-Process for Developing and Implementing the HCES-Bellagio Principles Approach

  7. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) Adaptation of the HCES 10 – STEP process to ecosan-projects STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  8. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities during an ecosan-project STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Advocacy, lobbying, information, demand creation STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  9. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities during an ecosan-project STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Formulation of request STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  10. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Facilitation • Information on process and ecosan • Active participation in start-up workshop STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  11. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Participatory development of TOR • Investigation of status quo including WSS, socio-cultural, legal aspects, town planning, economies, reuse aspects, agricultural practises, fertiliser use etc. • Elaboration of report STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  12. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Presentation of findings of step 3 • Correction of possible factual errors • Establish „ground rules“ for STEP 5, (decision on priorities, service levels, institutio-nal arrangements, cul-tural acceptability, etc.) STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  13. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Elaboration of adequate ecosan-solutions including technical, institutional, financial and social feasibility and environmental impact STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  14. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Participatory determination of feasible service and reuse combinations STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  15. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Assembling and integrating the service and reuse combinations into a broader water supply, sanitation, and reuse framework STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  16. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Presentation of assembled plans to the stakeholders • Achievement of a consensus on the consolidated plans STEP 9: Implementation STEP 10: Implementation

  17. STEP 0: Raising awareness STEP 1: Request for assistance STEP 2: Launch of the planning and consultative process STEP 3: Assessment of current status STEP 4: Assessment of user priorities STEP 5: Identification of options STEP 6: Evaluation of feasible service combinations STEP 7: Consolidated ecosan plans for the study area STEP 8: Finalising of consolidated ecosan plans The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects Main activities STEP 9: Monitoring, evaluation and feedback (MEF) • Decision on infrastructure • Elaborating working plans • Tendering • Hardware investment • Grant of financial support/subsidies • Provision of equipment • Construction • Training /advice to users, service providers etc • Use of sanitary systems • Maintenance • Collection / treatment • Storage / transport • Marketing of recyclates • Reuse of recyclates STEP 9: Implementation

  18. The 10 – Step approach to planning ecosan projects

  19. The ecosan project steps Baseline- & Feasibility-study; Implementation & Maintenance Step 0 – Raising awareness Awareness raising Step 1 - Request for assistance Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process Step 3 - Assessment of current status Step 4 - Assessment of priorities Step 5 - Identification of options Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service and reuse options Baseline-Study Feasibility- Study Detailed technical & operational plans Step 7 - Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area Step 8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study area Tendering Construction, Use Maintenance Step 9 – Implementation How does this fit into conventional planning approaches?

  20. New aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects • the integration of reuse aspects in the assessment of the current situation and in all the planning activities and conceptual work • the integration of aspects concerning water supply(rainwater harvesting, grey water treatment and reuse, …) • the integration of aspects of urban planning(minimise transport, support urban agriculture, …) • the integration of aspects of solid waste management • the consideration of a much wider variety of sanitation solutions with respect to centralised or decentralised, conventional or closed-loop oriented, high tech or low tech, well-known or brand-new, split-stream or combined technical solutions and the corresponding institutional and management solutions • the application of new and wider ranging evaluation criteria for water supply and sanitation services

  21. New aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects • the adaptation to the information and output needs of the stepwise and participatory project preparation and implementation process, in order to supply the relevant information to enable the stakeholder to make an “informed choice” • the necessity to focus on the assessment of the needs of the user of the sanitary facilities and other relevant stakeholders, particularly the service providers and the end users of the recyclates. • the consideration of smaller planning units and a greater number of decentralised options and • the integration of education, institution and capacity building aspects into planning instruments

  22. Tourists, students, employees, etc. (peri )urban household household in an urban flat Rural household ( I ) Users of Sanitation facilities ( II ) User of recyclates ( IX ) Research Institutions  ( III ) CBOs and self-help groups ( VIII ) Financial Institutions ( IV ) NGOs ( VII ) Developers & Investors ( VI ) Service providers ( V ) Local authorities, governments Supplier of watergas and electricity Providers for collection treatment and transport Consultantcompanies Construction companies maintenance companies Distributors and marketers of recyclates Producers/ provider of equipment Educationalinstitutions The future is to separate … Stakeholders in an ecosan project ecosan project

  23. Principal stakeholders – what are their motivations and concerns:

  24. Tables “Tasks and roles of stakeholders” - example:

  25. Tables “Tasks and roles of stakeholders” - example:

  26. Economic aspects of ecological sanitation systems

  27. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional Germany • Conventional concept: • - Flush toilets, gravity sewer, pumping station operated by the public supplier • Source separation concept I (gravity, composting of faeces): • - separation toilets and storage of urine, transport and agricultural use on a nearby farm • - faeces transported in gravity sewer and composted, used in horticulture • - transport of greywater in gravity sewer system, treatment in a constructed wetland, transport to the receiving water • Source separation concept II (vacuum, digestion of faeces): • - Vacuum separation toilets, gravity urine transport, storage and use on farm • - Faeces by vacuum, common treatment with organic waste in biogas plant, • - Transport of greywater in gravity sewer. treatment in a constructed wetland, transport to the receiving water

  28. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional Vacuum urine-diversion toilet Conventional toilet (WC) Cost Composting urine diversion toilet source: Berliner Wasserbetriebe Time (year) Projected costs for sanitation service for 5000 inhabitants, Germany

  29. 1 - Source separation concept: - dry urine diversion toilets - sewer line for greywater - horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. - products from the toilets are to be used in gardening within the school grounds.2 - Conventional concept: - flush toilets - separate sewer system for black water, - mechanical pre-treatment - pumping station and a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional Uganda

  30. alternative conventional cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional Projected costs for sanitation service for girls school, Uganda

  31. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional - Lower overall costs - Costs to be covered by private household may increase as a result of having to replace domestic sanitary facilities (for example by installing a urine diversion toilet) - Innovative financing alternatives needed

  32. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional

  33. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional

  34. cost comparison: ecosan vs. conventional • Difficulty of traditional economic appraisals for sanitation is that the setting of the boundaries for the system often leads to many important external costs or benefits being overlooked completely • Examples conventional systems: • - Effect on drinking water treatment, degradation of soils, the costs of using high quality drinking water to flush the system, the environmental problems arising in the receiving water must be considered, loss of a recreational area, loss of natural habitats and effects on coastal areas, the effect of medical residues which pass through the treatment works virtually intact, eventual rehabilitation costs • Examples from eco-sanitation systems: • - Transformation costs, awareness raising activities • - Secured drinking water supply, improved soil structure and fertility, increased access to fertiliser and harvest, reduced energy consumption and possible energy production, resource conservation

  35. Thanks!!! www.gtz.de/ecosanecosan@gtz.desubscribe the ecosan-newsletter by sending an e-mail with the text “subscribe ecosan” to:majordomo@mailserv.gtz.de

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