30.2 – Growth of Modern Eur. Nations (~1500-1700)

1. 30.2 – Growth of Modern Eur. Nations (~1500-1700)

2. Age of Absolute Monarchs (king/queen with total power) • Most Eur. nations had monarchs • Louis XIV = most powerful French monarch ever • Jean Colbert (Minister of Finance) ran Fr.’s $ • had to find way to pay for Louis XIV’s wars & extravagant spending • Colbert died – slowed French economy • L. XIV died and left Fr. in heavy debt “Tra la la” Louis XIV today

3. Louis XIV’s Palace of Versailles in France

4. England’s monarch had less flex. than Fr. • king needed approval from Parliament (like our Congress) to use $ • King Charles I needed $ for war • Parl. refused • Charles dissolve Parl. • Charles needed more $, so he had to call Parl. into session • Parl. refused to grant $ until Charles signed Petition of Right

5. What is the message of the petition? • law > king • Charles signed it to get $, then ignores it • Dissolved Parl. again • To raise more $, he imposed fines/fees on cit. • Parl. passed laws to limit Charles’ power • Charles arrested Parl. leaders, who then escaped • Civil war • Charles captured & brought to trial • Found guilty & beheaded King Charles today

6. Charles II (son of Charles I) chosen by Parl. to rule England • Parl. formed constitutional monarchy (basically same as our govt.) • Bill of Rts. passed 1689 – monarch cannot: • Suspend laws of Parl. • Make taxes w/o Parl. • Limit free speech • govt. basically became what it is today

7. Scientific Rev. (1500s – 1600s) = new way of thinking abt. world/sci. • Caused largely by Renaissance’s ideas/actions • Created sci. method • Scientists made many discov.

8. Nicolaus Copernicus (~1500) • discov. earth revolves around sun • theory not publ. until death b/c would threaten Church • Galileo Galilei (~1600) • also found earth revolves around sun, and publ. it • Church threatened by it • Under threat of death, he “admits error” • Isaac Newton (~1700) • explained gravity • w/math proved earth revolves around sun Copernicus: astronomer, mathematician, Smurf The Church finally admitted I was right in 1992! Newton today

9. Enlightenment (~1700s) = time when reason to solve social problems emphasized • caused by Sci. Rev. • New ideas on govt., educ., rel., & econ. • Increase in secularism • Inspired our govt. • John Locke • NATURAL RIGHTS OF MAN – people born with rt. to life, liberty, property • Govt. gets power from ppl. & must protect their rts. • If can’t, ppl. have rt. to rebel John Locke, not to be confused with John Locke

10. Voltaire • urged freedom of press & speech • “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” • Montesquieu • Supported govt. checks & balances • Jean Rousseau • all created =; govt. should rep. majority

11. The French Rev. (1789-1799) • Heavy debt forced changes • poor ppl. use #s to create new govt. • Poor/middle class create constit. mon., but conflicts soon arose • Constit. mon. soon replaced by republic • Rep. soon became too radical (ex: king and ~15k opposed to rep. guillotined) • Rep. soon replaced, then became corrupt • Napoleon Bonaparte, a general, takes over by force • Institutes Napoleonic code • All men = • Freedom of rel. • Strengthened econ. • Ended revol. • Inspired many other revol. around world Guillotine