Year 11 mock exam revision

1. Year 11 mock exam revision Topics: Peoples Health 1250- Nowadays, Life under Nazi Rule and Dover Castle Today: Paper 1 Peoples Health 1250- Nowadays, Life under Nazi Rule

2. What are the type of exam questions in the Peoples Health unit? Remember always LTQ for all questions 3 x 1 mark Q’s 9 mark Q (Create a clear and organised summary…….you will need to describe the points clearly here to answer the question) 10 mark Q (Explain question: 2/3 solid PEEEL’s needed) 18 mark Q- choice of two, choose one (interpretation style question: agree, disagree and reach a conclusion. Top answers will have 3 PEEEL’s and a conclusion)

3. Topics to revise for the Peoples Health exam • Living conditions in medieval towns (food, water, waste, housing) • Living conditions in Industrial Britain • 20th century health issues e.g. smoking, obesity • Living conditions from 1500-1750: be able to describe food, waste, housing, water, streets etc. Why did they affect health so badly?) • Government involvement since 1900 in Peoples Health and why it has been unpopular • Cholera epidemic: progress/lack of progress as a result • How did beliefs and attitudes limit progress from 1250-1750? What else limited progress at this time? Was it just beliefs? E.g. Disagree and look at things like living conditions at the time, lack of technology, poor involvement and investment from town authorities, many laws set up to improve health were permissive and not compulsory etc.

4. Britain 1500-1750 EARLY MODERN LIVING CONDITIONS • FOOD AND FAMINE • In some ways the diets, and food did not change. Those who could afford it ate a large quantity, and a wide variety of meat. The custom of eating fish on Friday continued. • The wealthy enjoyed white bread, and their diet included some salad leaves, vegetables and fruit. The wealthy had plenty to eat, but it was not balanced. • People drank wine, ale, beer or mead as they knew that dirty water would make them ill. • In the early modern period merchants brought new products to England from America and Asia, and people who could afford it ate a wider variety of food. • New drinks like chocolate, tea and coffee became popular, all sweetened with sugar from the West Indies. By 1750 there were over 500 coffee houses in London. We begin to see poor dental hygiene. • The diet of the poor was mainly bread and vegetables, with eggs, cheese, fish or meat as occasional treats. • Pottage was still eaten by labourers. During this period however, the daily wage was barely enough for food, and families struggled to buy bread. If there were bad harvests people would starve to death. • In 1623-24 there was famine in Northern England, and hunger weakened peoples resistance to disease. • WASTE • People would put their waste in a basket outside their house, and once or twice a week it was collected by scavengers who sold the urban waste to farmers in the country. If you forgot to do this you could throw it on the communal heap outside the town gates. • Getting rid of human waste was difficult. In 1596 Sir John Harrington invented the first flushing toilet, but people would need their own drains and a plentiful water supply to have one. They were not widely used. • Nearly everyone continued to use privies/ latrines, and nothing changed in the country, but in the town dealing with this waste was a problem. • If you lived by the river or ditch, you might build a privy over them to drop waste directly into, but most people built them above a cesspit in their garden. • Every year or two cesspits would be emptied by scavengers, usually at night. It was an expensive job which required barrels of excrement to be carried through houses. Some of the poor would empty their own.

5. Britain 1500-1750 EARLY MODERN LIVING CONDITIONS • THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT • In the early modern period, people in towns bought their food from shops, markets and street sellers. • In an age before freezers and plastic packaging, food did not stay fresh for very long, and the chances of food poisoning were high. AnimalsIn early modern towns, people shared the streets with animals. Horse-drawn carts blocked the way and sometimes injured or killed small children. Cattle, sheep and geese were herded to be sold or slaughtered. The many loose dogs were a particular problem as their excrement contained parasites that could be spread to humans. Cats were common, but they could not control the rats and mice which flourished in early modern towns HousesMany houses were overcrowded. Poor families squashed into cellars and upper storeys, and sharing beds was common. Houses continued to be poorly constructed in the early modern period and this meant that they were often draughty and damp. No wonder many people suffered from respiratory diseases. SmokeIn the period 1500–1750 people heated their houses and did their cooking on open fires. In the sixteenth century coal was unpopular because it gave off a foul smell when burnt, but when the price of coal dropped in the seventeenth century more people began to burn it on their fires. Urban craftsmen also burnt coal in their ovens, forges and furnaces. The dust, soot and smoke from chimneys in early modern towns contributed to respiratory diseases. StreetsOften streets were just beaten earth or gravel, which turned to dust in summer and to mud as soon as it rained. Main streets were sometimes paved with stone or cobbled, but paved streets were often covered in animal dung. Before the eighteenth century, there were very few raised pavements so people’s clothes and shoes were often very dirty after walking in the streets.

6. Britain 1500-1750 EARLY MODERN LIVING CONDITIONS • CLEAN WATER • People in the sixteenth-century London cared about keeping their clothes and sheets clean. But cleanliness depended on your wealth. Rich would employ people to wash their clothes, and the poor probably had one set of clothes. They would be infested with fleas and lice which caused typhus and the plague. • People didn't wash that often in the early modern period for many reasons: • 1. If you lived near a river or pond you could take a quick cold dip, but bathing inside was impossible without a bathtub, servants, enough water, a fire and plenty of time. • 2. Soap made from left over animal fat of candle makers could be used on clothes, but wasn't good for using on skin. Only the rich could afford soap made of olive oil. • 3. The water would often be dirty and many believed water could infect through the pores in the skin. For this reason cleaning was a dry process suing a brush or cloth to dislodge any lice. • In the country people would carry clean water from wells , springs or streams. As towns grew, obtaining water became difficult, some were lucky and had wells. • Three other methods to get water: • 1. Paying for water to be piped into your home: In some towns companies constructed pipes of elm or lead in order to pipe in water. • 2. Collecting water from a conduit: These were public fountains. • 3. Buying water from a water-seller: you could buy it in the street, or have it brought to your door.

7. Growing government involvement: more than EVER before!! What signs of progress are there? What challenges do we still face? Why has increased government involvement often been unpopular? 1906: Free school meals for every very poor child across the country. 1908: Old Age Pensions for ALL over 70s 1911: National insurance scheme to provide sickness and unemployment pay for workers 1919: clearance of slums and building of council houses 1940: start of major vaccine immunisation programmes 1948: NHS set up- free healthcare 1956: Clean Air Act to control pollution 1974: compulsory health and safety in the workplace Why was the NHS set up? After WW2 there was a general election in Britain and labour won by promising to end all the social problems such as disease, housing and hunger. This is why they set up the National Health Service in 1948 funded from taxpayers money so everyone can receive treatment, with the poorest fully free (some people pay for prescriptions). However it focuses on treating those ill rather than preventing sickness and disease. Smoking: harmless pleasure? in the 1950s smoking was considered glamorous and advertisements encouraged it. The government even gave smokers tokens for free cigarettes in this country. By 1950 80% of men and 40% of women smoked. From the 1960s we know about health hazards more and it was linked to lung cancer. The government then intervened to discourage it but many were addicted at this stage. Improvements such as adverts for cigarettes on TV banned, health warnings printed on cigarettes, government funded nicotine replacement therapies, banned smoking in public places, blank cigarette packages. Slow to act as it provides so much from tax. It is not illegal and governments have refrained from restricting peoples freedom to spend their money as they wish. Government advice nowadays: focus now on trying to educate people to make better decisions e.g. Healthier lifestyles and non smoking so that future illnesses can be prevented. Social media and internet has made this a lot easier to spread key messages. The government has done more and more to ensure the health and welfare of its people and they spend more on the care, welfare and health than on education and defence as previously. Ensure you understand progress but also remaining challenges

8. Britain 1750-1900 Cholera epidemic- major problem in Industrial times (contaminated water) Cholera: Cholera was a greatly feared disease. Caused by contaminated water, it could spread with speed and with devastating consequences. Not for nothing did the disease get the nick-name “King Cholera“. Industrial Britain was hit by an outbreak of cholera in 1831-32, 1848-49, 1854 and 1867. The cause was simple – sewage was being allowed to come into contact with drinking water and contaminating it. As many people used river water as their source of drinking water, the disease spread with ease. Case Study Cholera in Leeds: Cholera reached Leeds on 28th May 1832. The disease first hit a poor family in Blue Bell Fold, a cramped dirty yard in the poorer area of the city. The houses were built next to a stinking stream which flowed into the river Aire. The disease then spread quickly, by the end of July it had killed 187 people. Most victims were in overcrowded poor areas. In Boot and Shoe Yard for example ten people shared each of the small back to back houses. There was no water within a quarter of a mile, and only three privies for the 340 people living in the yard. Dr Baker who lived in Leeds kept track of the cases and highlighted that the areas afflicted were in the area of destitution. He did investigations and concluded that dirtiest areas of the town had Cholera and still believed that bad air from overflowing cesspits and dung heaps caused the spread of cholera- still believed the miasma theory. In Leeds Boards were set up advising people to wash themselves in soap and water at least once a week. Leeds Board of Public Health also published advice on preventing the spread in newspapers and posters. Urged to whitewash the inside of houses, open windows and avoid alcohol. (but beer was much safer than the water). Church numbers increased hugely during the epidemic in Leeds as people turned to God. Victims were quarantined in Hospitals but angry citizens became convinced the epidemic was a plot by the rich and the doctors to do away with the poor- serious lack of understanding. Across Britain 32,000 were killed from Cholera. It shocked authorities but the work of Robert Baker revealed the dangers of dirty living conditions for peoples Health. Exam tip- you will need to know how to compare responses to epidemics across the eras e.g. Compare the responses to the Black Death in 1348-49 and the plague in the 16th and 17th centuries with how people responded to Cholera here in the 19th century.

10. Britain 1750-1900 Progress in the fight against filth John Snow: In 1854 there was a large outbreak of Cholera in the Broad Street area. Dr John Snow decided to track the cases in order to identify what caused the disease. He did not believe it was caused by miasma. In order to confirm his ideas he marked on the map every case. He saw that very few people died from the work house and no body died from the brewery. Both of which had their own well. His anomaly that was far from Broad Street found that the lady that died collected water from the Broad Street pump as she liked the taste. He identified through interviews that the source of the Cholera outbreak was the Broad Street pump. Cholera was a waterborne disease, but he could not prove it scientifically. The local residents were convinced and the pump was removed. However, the local preacher believed it was a punishment from God and the medical board still believed it was miasma.

11. How did beliefs and attitudes limit progress from 1250-1750? What else limited progress at this time?

12. Nazi Rule: What are the different types of exam questions in this paper? Remember always LTQ for all questions • 7 mark source and own knowledge question (Inferences x 2/what the source shows and what this means, use of detailed own knowledge: 2/3 and NOP: is it reliable and why? • 15 mark source utility Q (3 sources: how useful? Ensure to make 2/3 inferences on what the source shows and means, detailed own knowledge, NOP and LTQ. One paragraph per source along with an overall conclusion on ‘how useful’ they are- most/least useful. • 18 marker: choice of two, choose one (interpretation style question: agree, disagree and reach a conclusion. Top answers will have 3 PEEEL’s and a conclusion)

13. Responses to Nazi rule in Europe: Poland, France (plus acts of resistance)

14. How Hitler both legally and illegally achieved a dictatorship from Jan 1933-July 1933

15. German people: who supported and did not support the war from 1939-45?