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DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY. DR.RITA SWAMINATHAN MR.NARAYANA KAMATH. PARASITOLOGY. INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLGY. DEFINITIONS.

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DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

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  1. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY DR.RITA SWAMINATHAN MR.NARAYANA KAMATH

  2. PARASITOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLGY

  3. DEFINITIONS • Parasite: Is a living organism that is entirely dependent on another living organism(host) for its nutrition and shelter and may cause injurious consequences in the host. • Types 1 Microparasite 2 Macroparasite A.Ectoparasite(infestation) B. Endoparasite(infection) a. obligate parasite b.facultative parasite c. accidental parasite d. aberrant parasite e.free-living

  4. HOSTS • Definitive host • Intermediate host- vector(biological&mechanical) • Paratenic host (Transport host) • Reservoir host • Accidental host • Amplifier host

  5. HOST – PARASITERELATIONSHIPS • Symbiosis • Parasitism • Commensalism

  6. CLASSIFICATION • KINGDOM ANIMALIA • Sub kingdom : Protozoa • Phyla : Sarcomastigophora Microsporidia Ciliophora Apicomplexa

  7. PROTOZOA(Unicellular) • 1.Amoebae Entamoeba histolytica • 2.Flagellates Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Leishmania donovani Trypanosoma cruzi 3.Sporozoa Plasmodium Spp. Toxoplasma gondii 4.Ciliates Balantidium coli

  8. CLASSIFICATION • Kingdom : Animalia • Subkingdom : Metazoa Phylum: Nemathelminthes Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class:Trematoda (Flukes) Class: Nematoda (Round worms) Class:Cestoda (Tape worms)

  9. HELMINTHS(Multicellular) • 1.Trematodes Fasciola Spp. Schistosoma Spp. 2.Cestodes Taenia Spp. Echinococcus Spp. 3.Nematodes Round worm Hook worm

  10. MODES OF INFECTION 1.INGESTION a.Contaminated soil&water b.Fresh water fish/water cress c.Crab&crayfish d.Raw&undercooked pork/Beef

  11. MODES OF INFECTION 2. INOCULATION a.blood sucking insects b.skin penetration by larval forms 3.SEXUAL TRANSMISSION 4. INHALATION 5. VERTICAL TRANSMISSION 6.AUTO INFECTION

  12. LIFE CYCLE • The sequential stages in growth,development, and multiplication of a parasite constitute its life cycle. • Simple with one host involved • Complex with more than one hosts(2-3).

  13. PARASITES WITH SIMPLE LIFE CYCLE • No intermediate hosts: • Protozoan parasites Definitive Host Entamoeba histolytica Human Giardia lamblia Human Trichomonas vaginalis Human Balantidium coli Pig/Human Metazoan parasites Ascaris lumbricoides Human Enterobius vermicularis Human Strongyloides stercoralis Human Trichuris trichiura Human

  14. PARASITES WITH COMPLEX LIFE CYCLE

  15. Simple life cycle

  16. Complex life cycle

  17. PATHOGENICITY • TRAUMA : S.stercoralis,A.duodenale • LYTIC NECROSIS:E.histolytica,Plasmodium Spp. • Competition for nutrients:D.latum(Vit.B12) • Inflammatory reactions:Hook worm,Malaria,E.histolytica. • Allergic manifestations:Schistosomes,T.spiralis • Neoplasia :C.sinesis • Secondary infections:Stongyloidiasis,trichinosis.

  18. IMMUNITY • IMMUNE RESPONSE TO PARASITIC INFECTIONS HAS FOUR ARMS: • Cytotoxic T cells • Natural killer (NK) cells • Activated macrophages • Antibody(produced by B-cells)

  19. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS A.Demonstration of the parasite B.Immunodiagnosis C.Molecular biological methods

  20. Demonstration of parasite • Blood : Plasmodium Spp.(RBCs), L.donovani(monocytes) Trypanosoma cruzi Microfilariae(W.bancrofti) Stool :Saline mount : Trophozoites: Entamoeba histolytica,Giardia lamblia Lugol’s Iodine mount :Cysts : Entamoeba histolytica,Giardia lamblia

  21. Demonstration of parasite Eggs:Cestodes : Diphyllobothrium latum,Taenia solium Trematodes: Schistosomes mansoni Fasciola hepatica Nematodes : Trichuris trichiura Ancylostoma duodenale LARVAE: Strongyloides stercoralis Trichinella spiralis

  22. Demonstration of parasite ADULT WORMS : Cestodes : Taenia solium,Diphyllobothrium latum Nematodes : Ascaris lumbricoides,Enterobius vermicularis.

  23. URINE • Eggs of Schistosoma haematobium • Trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis • Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in chylous urine.

  24. OTHER SPECIMENS • Genital specimens: Trichomonas vaginalis • Cerebrospinal fluid : Trypomastgotes of Trypanosoma brucei,Naegleria fowleri • Sputum : Eggs of Paragonimus westermani Migrating larvae of Ancylostoma duodenale Tissue biopsy & aspiration:Hydatid cyst Trichinella spiralis

  25. CULTURE & ANIMAL INOCULATIONS • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • Leishmania donovani • Toxoplasma gondii

  26. SKIN TESTS • 1.Immediate hypersensitivity(Filaria,Ascaris) • 2.Delayed hypersensitivity(Leishmania,Trypanosoma)

  27. IMMUNODIAGNOSIS • Serological tests:ELISA,RIA,Indirect haemagglutination test,Indirect fluorescent antibody test,Complement fixation test,Agglutination tests:Direct agglutination,Bentonite flocculation test. • Molecular methods: PCR & DNA probes.

  28. STOOL EXAMINATION • SALINE MOUNT • IODINE MOUNT • CONCENTRATION METHODS

  29. CONCENTRATION METHODS • FLOATATION TECHNIQUE Saturated salt floatation Zinc sulphate centrifugal floatation SEDIMENTATION TECHNIQUE Simple sedimentation Formalin-ether sedimentation

  30. QUANTIFICATION OF WORM BURDEN • Direct smear egg count • Stoll’s method

  31. ANAL SCRAPINGS AND SWABS • Scotch tape method • NIH swab ENTEROTEST

  32. f Trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica pseudopodia RBC nucleus

  33. Trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica pseudopodia RBC nucleus

  34. Ovum of Taenia solium embryophore hooklets Outer shell onchosphere

  35. Cyst of Giardia lamblia nucleii axostyle cyst wall

  36. Ovum of Nectar americanus Hyaline sheath blastomere

  37. Ovum of Ancylostoma duodenale blastomere

  38. Ovum of Ascaris lumbricoides Outer mamillated layer Unsegmented ovum

  39. Ova Of Trichuris trichiura Mucus plug Unsegmented ovum

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