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Schema in Essay Topics

Schema in Essay Topics. By Julianne Williams. ‘Schemas are prototypical or generic characterizations of objects, events, and situations.’ Bonny Armbruster (1986). Schema is prior knowledge.

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Schema in Essay Topics

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  1. Schema in Essay Topics By Julianne Williams

  2. ‘Schemas are prototypical or generic characterizations of objects, events, and situations.’ Bonny Armbruster (1986)

  3. Schemais prior knowledge.

  4. ‘The advantages of the method include speed, simplicity, avoidance of additional cloning steps into single-stranded phage M13 vectors, and hence applicability to sequencing large numbers of samples.’

  5. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid DDDN Genetics Home Reference http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna

  6. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Science • Biology • Genes • Cloning

  7. Activation • ‘What is understood from a text is a function of the particular schema that is activated at the time of processing (i.e. reading) the text.’ Carrel and Eisterhold (1983 )

  8. Top-down Processing • Conceptually driven • Background knowledge • Text structure knowledge • World knowledge Nunan (1999)

  9. Bottom-up Processing • Data driven • Decoding individual elements • Interpreting • words • clauses • sentences Nunan (1999)

  10. Top-down • The Big Picture

  11. Bottom-up • The details

  12. Additional Terms • Existing knowledge • Topic knowledge • Prior knowledge • Previous knowledge

  13. Schema Types • Content • Formal

  14. Content /Cultural Schema • ‘Content schema is part of the individual’s cultural orientation.’ Al-Issa (2006)

  15. The relationship that exists between the essay topic, the existence of prior knowledge (schema theory), and the quality of the essay would seem to be necessarily linked.

  16. ‘… no matter how well a reader may know a language, he or she cannot read in that language with good comprehension if the subject matter or the content of the text is one he or she knows absolutely nothing about.’ Al-Issa (2006)

  17. Making connections • Text-to-self • Text-to-text • Text-to-world Keene and Zimmerman (1997)

  18. Text-to-self • Relating the text to personal experience • … this reminds me of ... • … I remember when I …

  19. Text-to-text • Relating the text to similarities read in a previous text • … is similar to what I read in … • … is like ….. in the book …

  20. Text-to-World • Major teaching opportunity in building schema • Ensure the relationship assists in text comprehension, is not a diversion

  21. Activating Schema • Predicting using title – photos • Brain storming combined student knowledge • Note taking • Paraphrasing • Post reading discussions

  22. Broadening reading • Novels • Online news • Magazines • 21st Century newspaper

  23. Thank you Julianne Williams

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